Blockchain Voting Systems Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What happens if someone attempts to cast more than one vote in the blockchain-based voting system?

  • The user is permanently banned from voting.
  • Only the first vote is counted.
  • All votes are counted, but flagged for review.
  • All subsequent votes should be rejected. (correct)

    • Which of the following features ensures compliance of the blockchain voting system with various voter devices?

  • Widest platform compatibility. (correct)
  • Smart contracts for each district.
  • Real-time election results updates.
  • Integration with biometric authentication.

    • What is a crucial requirement for the blockchain-based voting protocol?

  • Fast throughput. (correct)
  • High levels of encryption.
  • Support for multiple cryptocurrencies.
  • Extensive hardware requirements.

    • How does the voting system handle integration with traditional voting methods?

    <p>Integrates with an offline voting system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of blockchain is recommended for building the voting system?

    <p>Private, permissioned blockchain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG)?

    <p>It links vertices without forming directed cycles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a DAG, how are transactions represented compared to traditional block structures?

    <p>Transactions can be modeled as connected nodes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about consensus mechanisms is correct?

    <p>Consensus mechanisms can vary in favorability depending on their design.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a directed graph from an acyclic graph in the context of DAG?

    <p>A directed graph can have cycles, while an acyclic graph cannot.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'nodes' refer to in the context of a Directed Acyclic Graph?

    <p>End points of transactions that are interconnected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consensus mechanism used in the Bitcoin network?

    <p>Proof-of-Work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do miners change to solve the mathematical puzzle in the Bitcoin protocol?

    <p>Nonce</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often is a new block added to the Bitcoin blockchain on average?

    <p>10 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition must a block’s hash meet to be added to the Bitcoin blockchain?

    <p>It must start with a certain number of 0s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do full nodes play in the consensus mechanism in Bitcoin?

    <p>They are responsible for solving mathematical puzzles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the nonce in a Bitcoin block?

    <p>To modify the hash calculation for finding a valid hash</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of a miner solving a block's mathematical puzzle?

    <p>They gain the right to add the block to the blockchain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the competitive aspect of Bitcoin's consensus mechanism?

    <p>All miners attempt to find the next block simultaneously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one indicator that blockchain may be beneficial for a project?

    <p>There is significant mistrust between multiple entities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When might integration be a better solution than blockchain?

    <p>When dealing with known and trusted parties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario is least likely to benefit from blockchain technology?

    <p>Collaboration between a few known individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of a project indicates it might require blockchain implementation?

    <p>The need for multiple parties to modify a shared repository.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what circumstance would blockchain be the optimal solution?

    <p>When an ecosystem is involved rather than a few isolated parties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common use case for blockchain technology?

    <p>Simplifying record-keeping for financial institutions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors does NOT indicate the need for blockchain?

    <p>Transactions that do not interact with each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What element is critical for considering blockchain as a solution?

    <p>Multiple stakeholders being necessary for decision-making.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of bank executives are interested in blockchain technology?

    <p>90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be described as a key feature of blockchain technology?

    <p>Irreversibility of records</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about peer-to-peer communication in blockchain is accurate?

    <p>Communication occurs directly between users</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential benefit of using a distributed blockchain database?

    <p>Trustless environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes 'smart contracts' in blockchain?

    <p>Preprogrammed business rules executed automatically</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are transactions ordered within a blockchain?

    <p>Chronologically</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of participants in a blockchain network?

    <p>No single participant holds all information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technology is NOT typically associated with blockchain?

    <p>Digital Licensing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) to be accepted by the network?

    <p>Closure of the graph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a DAG that does not achieve closure?

    <p>It is rejected by the network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does closure in a DAG imply about the outgoing edges?

    <p>There are no outgoing edges from any connected vertices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the situation described, what does a final balance total different from the initial balance indicate?

    <p>Possible double spending</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial and final balance for wallet A after a successful transaction in the described example?

    <p>$1 initial, $0 final</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a smart contract on a blockchain?

    <p>It acts as an autonomous account/node</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the final balance equals the initial balance, what can be concluded about the transactions processed?

    <p>Transactions were balanced with no net gain or loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the edge A → C signify in terms of DAG closure?

    <p>A direct connection between vertices A and C indicating completion of a transaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common result of a broken closure in a DAG?

    <p>Transaction failures due to uncommitted states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following would indicate a double spending attempt in the DAG?

    <p>A link from A to C yielding different final balances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Blockchain for Business

    • An Accenture report highlights blockchain's prominence in the financial services industry.
    • 90% of bank executives are interested in blockchain technology, with their banks exploring its use.

    Blockchain Growth

    • A graph displays the increasing popularity of blockchain (blue line) compared to bitcoin (black line) since 2013.

    Blockchain - Next Generation of Internet

    • Blockchain technology is presented as a significant advancement in the digital realm, building upon earlier stages like the Internet and cloud computing.

    Gist Behind Blockchain

    • Every blockchain user has access to the complete transaction history, without an intermediary.
    • There is no intermediary; communication happens directly between peers.
    • Transactions are irreversible and chronologically ordered.
    • Smart contracts are pre-programmed business rules executable on the blockchain.

    Centralised Vs Decentralised Vs Distributed Networks

    • A visual comparison of centralised, decentralised, and distributed networks illustrates the differences in how nodes function and manage data dissemination.

    Types of Distributed Databases

    • Every blockchain is a distributed ledger, but not every distributed ledger is a blockchain.
    • Distributed databases include adversarial models, data structure and diffusion, and permission models.

    Blockchain (Continued)

    • Multiple data blocks are chained together via cryptographic functions, making data alteration impossible.
    • A genesis block marks the start of this chain.

    Blockchain (Continued)

    • A presented scenario describes a hacker's attempt to alter a block but failing due to the cryptographic integrity of the chain.

    Signature Validation and Consensus Protocol

    • A picture showcasing the concept of signature validation and consensus protocol.

    How Bitcoin Transaction Works

    • Users initiate transactions, which are broadcast to a peer-to-peer network.
    • Network nodes validate transactions before adding them to a block.
    • Once a block is created and added to the blockchain, the transaction is permanent.

    Signing Transaction

    • Public and private keys are linked, ensuring the security of transactions.
    • A sender's public key is validated against the hashed value of the transaction.

    Signing Transaction

    • The signing and verification process confirms the originator of the transaction and the integrity of the message.

    Memory Pool

    • Signed transactions are added to a memory pool of pending transactions.
    • The network comprises "nodes," some acting as miners.

    Nodes vs. Miners

    • Nodes run copies of blockchain software, including a complete copy for bitcoin.
    • Miners are specialized nodes equipped with hardware to validate transactions and add them to blocks.

    Block

    • Miners select transactions from the memory pool, verify them, and arrange them into blocks using a Merkle tree structure.
    • Transactions in the same block are considered concurrent.

    Verification of a Transaction

    • Bitcoin blockchains store transactions chronologically, not individual account balances.

    Verification of a Transaction (Continued)

    • Transaction ownership and integrity are verified through links between transactions.

    Block-to-Block Hashing

    • Blocks on the blockchain are linked through hashing, where each block's hash is tied to the previous block's hash, making it practically impossible to alter the chain.

    Consensus

    • Consensus mechanisms ensure the chronological ordering of blockchain blocks.
    • Bitcoin uses the proof-of-work consensus mechanism.

    Consensus: Proof of Work

    • Only blocks with specific hash characteristics (in Bitcoin, a set number of leading zeros) are added to the chain.
    • Miners validate transactions, modify "nonce" values, and calculate a block hash, aiming for a hash that meets the needed criteria.

    Consensus: Proof of Work (Continued)

    • The calculation to find the correct nonce for a block's hash is complex, making altering a block computationally difficult.
    • The miner that successfully finds the correct hash gets a reward and has the right to add their block.

    Consensus Mechanism Types

    • A presentation illustrates differing types including Proof-of-Work, Proof-of-Stake, Delegated Proof-of-Stake, Proof-of-Authority, and Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG)

    Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG)

    • Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) is a graph where edges have a direction, and no directed paths lead back to the same vertex.
    • Transactions can be represented as nodes in a DAG.
    • A DAG closure is a condition required in consensus for a DAG to be acceptable in a network.

    Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) (Continued)

    • The concept of double-spending is explained using a DAG: a node cannot create multiple outgoing edges to the same node, ensuring each transaction is unique.

    Smart Contracts

    • Smart contracts function as programmable accounts on the blockchain.
    • They execute predefined logic on specific triggers (e.g.,"if... then...").
    • Smart contracts can also request or validate transactions within the blockchain framework.

    Blockchain Advantages

    • Blockchain offers resilience against attacks through redundant data storage, making it dependable.
    • Transactions are transparent, public, and irreversible, thus enhancing trust and traceability.

    Blockchain Myths

    • Blockchains require trust, are not inherently 'immutable' or resistant to tampering, and are not universally 'secure'.
    • Some blockchain operations require external data input, creating potential vulnerability.

    Case for Blockchain or Not

    • A checklist of questions is provided to evaluate whether a blockchain implementation is suitable.

    Using Blockchain May Help

    • Blockchain can enhance trust, secure transaction systems, streamline processes, and increase transparency and recordkeeping.

    Some Blockchain Use Cases

    • Use cases include crowdsourcing, financial institutions, supply chains, healthcare, voting, and property records with associated benefits like efficiency and security.

    Blockchain Checklist and Implementation

    • A checklist aids in evaluating the suitability and determining the implementation plan.

    Blockchain-Based Voting System

    • Blockchain offers a framework for secure and transparent elections by tracking votes.

    Blockchain-Based Voting System (Continued)

    • Blockchain-based voting systems require inherent features like traceability, and handling of value in a secure environment.
    • Links to relevant online resources (webpages and articles) about blockchain technology.
    • Links to websites providing relevant blockchain data.

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    Week 2 - Blockchain (PDF)

    Description

    Test your knowledge on blockchain-based voting systems with this quiz. Explore key requirements, features, and consensus mechanisms relevant to modern voting technology. Understand the intricacies of Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAG) and their application in voting systems.

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