Black Women Physicians in the 20th Century
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Questions and Answers

What type of training opportunities were male students more likely to receive compared to female students?

  • Chances to give diagnoses in clinical settings (correct)
  • Opportunities to practice nursing skills
  • Training in bandage application
  • Participation in non-clinical presentations

What was the response of the five women to the discrimination they faced during their medical education?

  • They supported each other and continued to study together (correct)
  • They engaged in protests against the administration
  • They decided to leave the program
  • They sought to study separately from male students

In their third year, which prestigious hospital did the female students get an opportunity to train at?

  • Cleveland Clinic
  • Johns Hopkins Hospital
  • Mayo Clinic
  • Massachusetts General Hospital (correct)

What kind of clinical experience were the female students relegated to?

<p>Skills aligned with nursing curriculum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy was essential for the women to cope with their challenges in medical school?

<p>Building a supportive network among themselves (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How were the presentations of the male students perceived during clinical training?

<p>As essential for training in medicine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterization best describes the instructors' treatment of female students during early years?

<p>Neglectful and discriminatory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main barrier to clinical training faced by the female medical students?

<p>Gender-based selection bias (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant challenge faced by Dr. Dorothy Boulding in securing a residency placement?

<p>She faced discrimination from residency programs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action did Dr. Boulding's brother take to support her career aspirations?

<p>He delayed his own education to raise money for her education. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the responses from residency programs generally affect female medical students like Dr. Boulding?

<p>They experienced anxiety while waiting for placement decisions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributed to the success of some female medical students in gaining residency placements?

<p>Connections through family and wealth. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the claims made by residency programs regarding Dr. Boulding's application?

<p>The application list was full. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the situation of Dr. Boulding illustrate about gender equality in medical education during her time?

<p>Gender biases were prevalent within residency placements. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ultimately motivated Dr. Boulding's brother to work and save money for her residency applications?

<p>His awareness of Dr. Boulding's struggles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the implications of the gender biases faced by women like Dr. Boulding in accessing residency programs?

<p>Women had to seek alternative training opportunities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What financial support did Ruffin provide for Dorothy Boulding's journey to Washington?

<p>He used his savings to buy her a train ticket. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the significant barriers Dr. Boulding faced during her oral exam?

<p>The panel believed women should not hold medical positions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hospital did Dr. Boulding eventually receive a residency position at?

<p>Freedmen’s Hospital (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did one physician do to assist Dr. Boulding during her residency search?

<p>He advised her to apply to a predominantly black hospital. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Dr. Boulding prioritize her residency training?

<p>She made her home at the hospital, sacrificing personal time. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason for the panel's bias during Dr. Boulding's oral exam?

<p>Personal prejudice against female candidates. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which year did Dr. Boulding begin her residency at Freedmen’s Hospital?

<p>1924 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes Dr. Boulding's situation during her oral exam?

<p>She faced hostility due to gender bias from the examiners. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Residency Application Rejection

Medical students, particularly women, faced discrimination in being accepted into residency programs despite strong qualifications.

Gender Bias in Residency

Discriminatory practices in medical residency selection, where women were denied opportunities while men with lower qualifications were accepted.

Dr. Boulding's Experience

A medical student, Dr. Dorothy Boulding, experienced significant rejection in securing a residency.

Social Capital's Impact

Some women used family connections and wealth to gain access to residency programs, but it wasn’t available to all.

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Ruffin Boulding's Education

Ruffin Boulding, Dr. Boulding's brother, delayed his own education to raise funds for Howard University law school.

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Howard University School of Law

Historically black university committed to training black people from the undergraduate level to professional school.

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Financial Barrier to Education

The cost of attendance at some universities that were more than applicants could afford and required individuals to delay or forfeit education.

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Discrimination in Residency Applications

The systematic denial or discrimination against certain groups of applicants in medical residency selections.

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Gender-based exclusion in medical education

Women medical students faced systematic discrimination, being denied opportunities for learning and practice compared to their male counterparts.

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Discrimination in clinical training

Women were assigned less relevant clinical experiences such as nursing-focused clinics, in contrast to male students who were exposed to more advanced physician-focused procedures.

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Mutual support amongst women students

Female medical students supported each other in the face of adversity to overcome challenges in their training program.

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Clinical training at Massachusetts General Hospital

A prestigious training opportunity involving Friday afternoon sessions where students observed and participated in physician-led case presentations in a leading hospital.

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Denied opportunities in clinical practice

Women students were denied the opportunity for hands-on medical case study practice during presentations.

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Differential diagnosis

The process of determining the possible causes of a medical condition.

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Elucidating the cause

To determine or clarify the specific reason for a medical condition's chief complaint.

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Treatment plan

A course of action recommended to address a medical condition.

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Dorothy Boulding's DC journey

Dorothy Boulding sought a residency position at a government hospital, facing challenges in the process due to discriminatory practices and financial constraints.

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Oral Exam Discrimination

A panel of white male physicians conducted an oral exam for a medical internship, with prejudiced decision making and nepotism in favor of their own candidates.

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Freedman's Hospital Opportunity

A physician helped Dorothy Boulding discover a residency opportunity at a Black hospital (Freedman's Hospital), offering an alternative path.

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Residency Training @ Freedman's Hospital

Dorothy Boulding secured a residency position at Freedman's Hospital, starting her training in 1924, prioritizing her education.

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Dr.William A. Warfield, Jr.

The superintendent of Freedman's Hospital, and the physician who provided Boulding with her opportunity.

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Financial Constraints

Dorothy Boulding faced financial obstacles in pursuing her medical training and living expenses in Boston. Her mentor, Ruffin, helped with financial support.

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Written vs. Oral Exams

The written medical exam was straightforward for Dr. Boulding. However, the oral examination was plagued by biases, making it more difficult.

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Discriminatory Practices

Dorothy Boulding faced prejudice in the medical examination process due to her gender and race.

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Study Notes

Black Women Physicians at the Turn of the 20th Century

  • Black women physicians faced numerous structural barriers.
  • Families often provided support and resources.
  • Dorothy Celeste Boulding Ferebee's family was highly educated and accomplished, which contrasted with societal expectations.
  • Her parents were Benjamin Richard Boulding and Florence "Flossie" Cornelia Paige Boulding.
  • Dorothy's maternal grandfather escaped slavery via the Underground Railroad.
  • Her family's wealth came from her mother's side.
  • Her family included lawyers, writers, and a judge.
  • Dorothy was born in 1898 in Norfolk, Virginia.
  • Doctors refused to issue birth certificates for African American babies in Norfolk.
  • Dorothy's family tried to document her birth date.
  • Her family's upward social mobility exceeded that of many African Americans in the era.

Dorothy Boulding Ferebee's Education and Career

  • Dorothy attended Simmons College in 1916.
  • She pursued a career in medicine.
  • She faced discrimination from professors at Tufts University School of Medicine, where she was one of only five female students.
  • The school had an unofficial quota limiting women's enrollment.
  • She graduated from Tufts in 1924, ranked among the top nine in her class.
  • She was the first and only female physician to achieve the position of Supreme Basileus (president) of Alpha Kappa Alpha.
  • She worked at Freedmen's Hospital, where she received valuable clinical training.
  • She served as a medical director at Howard University from 1949 to 1968.
  • She also established community outreach programs and clinics for underserved populations, as part of the Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority.
  • She received a medical degree from Tufts in 1924.

Challenges and Discrimination in Dorothy's Life

  • Systemic racism and sexism impacted her education and career.
  • She faced discrimination from her professors at Tufts.
  • She experienced gender-based exclusion in clinics.
  • She was one of only a few Black women in medical school.
  • Discrimination extended even to residency programs.
  • She worked to improve healthcare access and quality for underserved communities, facing challenges at every juncture.
  • She faced discrimination when trying to secure residency positions.
  • Her family's financial support was crucial.
  • She experienced prejudice and hostility from white medical professionals.

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Description

Explore the challenges and triumphs of Black women physicians, focusing on Dorothy Celeste Boulding Ferebee. This quiz delves into her family's background, education at Simmons College, and the barriers she faced in pursuing a medical career. Gain insights into the social dynamics and historical context of the time.

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