Bits, Bytes, Data Representation Quiz
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Which of the following best describes the relationship between bits, bytes, and kilobytes?

  • 1 byte is equal to 8 bits, and 1 kilobyte is equal to 1000 bytes.
  • 1 byte is equal to 1024 bits, and 1 kilobyte is equal to 1024 bytes.
  • 1 byte is equal to 1000 bits, and 1 kilobyte is equal to 1000 bytes.
  • 1 byte is equal to 8 bits, and 1 kilobyte is equal to 1024 bytes. (correct)

Which of the following file sizes is approximately equivalent to 2 gigabytes?

  • 2,000,000 bytes
  • 2,000,000 megabytes
  • 2,000,000 kilobytes (correct)
  • 2,000,000 terabytes

Given the denary number 221, which of the following represents its correct conversion to 8-bit binary?

  • `11101110` (correct)
  • `11011101`
  • `11101101`
  • `11011110`

What is the decimal (denary) equivalent of the 8-bit binary number 10101010?

<p>170 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between nibbles and bytes?

<p>A byte is composed of two nibbles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a file size is reported as 4 nibbles, what is the file size in bits?

<p>16 bits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many bytes are there in 16 bits?

<p>2 bytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between a megabyte (MB) and a terabyte (TB)?

<p>A megabyte is smaller, commonly used for documents and small media files, while a terabyte is significantly larger, used for storing large amounts of data like high-resolution videos and entire software libraries. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A library currently transmits data without encryption. Which of the following is the MOST significant reason why implementing encryption is crucial?

<p>To prevent unauthorized access and protect sensitive information during transmission. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which protocol should be used to send an email?

<p>SMTP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which protocol will allow a user to securely access a website?

<p>HTTPS (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Social networking sites utilize AI to monitor user posts. Which of the following BEST describes a benefit of this AI implementation?

<p>Identifying and removing harmful or inappropriate content more efficiently. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A company decides to implement encryption for all its network communications. What is a potential drawback of using strong encryption methods?

<p>Potential impact on processing speed and system performance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action is least likely performed directly by the Control Unit (CU)?

<p>Executing mathematical calculations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A library's LAN experiences slow performance. If the number of devices simultaneously using the network is high, which of the following is the most direct consequence?

<p>Decreased bandwidth for each device. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides the number of connected devices, which factor has the greatest impact on a network's performance?

<p>The network's bandwidth capacity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Users are accessing websites on library computers. What is typically the first step in accessing a website?

<p>The computer sends a request to a DNS server. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A user enters a URL into their browser. After the DNS lookup, what is the next step in the process of accessing the website?

<p>The browser sends an HTTP/HTTPS request to the server. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

After a server receives an HTTP request, what is its primary task?

<p>To process the request and send back the appropriate files. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the final step a client-side web browser takes when accessing a website?

<p>The browser renders the data. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario would most likely result in a library user experiencing significantly slower network speeds, assuming all other factors remain constant?

<p>All users are simultaneously downloading large files from the internet. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of a Domain Name Server (DNS) in network communication?

<p>To translate domain names into IP addresses. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An IPv4 address is composed of four groups of numbers. What is the valid range for each of these number groups?

<p>0 to 255 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What punctuation mark is used to separate the groups of digits in a standard IPv4 address?

<p>Full stop (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following devices is primarily responsible for directing network traffic between different networks?

<p>Router (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the client-server model, what is the role of the 'client'?

<p>To request services or resources from a server. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the most accurate definition of Ethernet as a standard?

<p>A set of rules ensuring compatibility and interoperability of network devices. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A user types an address into a web browser to access a website. What is the correct term for the address they enter?

<p>Uniform Resource Locator (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT typically a task carried out by a router?

<p>Hosting website files and handling web requests. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does doubling the duration of a sound recording impact the file size, assuming all other factors remain constant?

<p>File size doubles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of decreasing the sample rate of a digital audio file on the accuracy and the file size?

<p>Accuracy decreases, file size decreases. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does increasing the bit depth of an audio file affect its accuracy and file size?

<p>Accuracy and file size both increase. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the ASCII table provided, what character is represented by the denary code 84?

<p>T (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is another common character set used in computing besides ASCII?

<p>Unicode (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A student is taking photos of a science experiment. Which of the following is least likely to be stored as metadata within the image file?

<p>A list of ingredients used in the experiment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A student compresses their documents before emailing them. What is the primary benefit of compressing files?

<p>To reduce the file size for faster transmission. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When a file is compressed, what is the most likely trade-off?

<p>Requirement for decompression software. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which legislation is most directly violated when a company transmits personal data to another company without the individual’s explicit consent?

<p>The Data Protection Act (2018) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A school accidentally publishes its students’ addresses on the school website. Which legal principle is most likely to have been breached?

<p>Data Protection Principles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A rival company replicates the interface of a piece of software. Which legal protection is most likely being infringed?

<p>The Copyright, Designs and Patents Act (1988) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A user leaves a computer logged on, and another person leaves a message on their desktop. Which legislation, if any, is most directly relevant to this scenario?

<p>None of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A student guesses their teacher’s password and accesses their computer account. Which offense has the student most directly committed?

<p>Unauthorised Access under the Computer Misuse Act (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When converting an analogue sound wave to digital form, what are the two primary processes involved?

<p>Sampling and quantization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of increasing the sampling rate when converting an analogue sound wave to digital form?

<p>Increases the accuracy of the digital representation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action would most likely reduce the file size of a digital audio recording, potentially at the cost of audio fidelity?

<p>Applying lossy compression (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Bit

The smallest unit of data in computing, representing a 0 or 1.

Nibble

A group of 4 bits.

Byte

A group of 8 bits.

Kilobyte (KB)

Approximately 1000 bytes (1024 bytes).

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Megabyte (MB)

Approximately 1 million bytes (1024 KB).

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Gigabyte (GB)

Approximately 1 billion bytes (1024 MB).

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Terabyte (TB)

Approximately 1 trillion bytes (1024 GB).

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Petabytes

Approximately 1000 terabytes

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Address Storage (CU)

Stores the memory address of data to be fetched or stored.

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Network Congestion

Multiple devices sharing bandwidth.

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Network Bandwidth

Describes the amount of data that can be transmitted at a particular time.

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Local Area Network (LAN)

A network that connects devices in a limited area.

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Client

Sends a request to a server.

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Server

Provides resources to a client.

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DNS Server

IP address translated to domain.

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Web Server

Transfers data from server to client.

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What is Encryption?

The process of encoding data to prevent unauthorized access during transmission.

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Why use Encryption?

Protect sensitive data and prevent eavesdropping.

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What is SMTP?

Protocol for sending emails across a network.

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What is HTTPS?

Protocol for secure access of websites.

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What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?

Using computers to mimic human thinking and decision-making.

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Domain Name Server (DNS)

Translates domain names to IP addresses.

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MAC address

A unique identifier assigned to a network interface controller (NIC) for communications at the data link layer.

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Router

A networking device that forwards data packets between computer networks.

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Full Stop

A specific character used to separate parts of an IPv4 address.

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Ethernet Standard

A standard ensures compatibility between devices from different manufacturers.

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Router Tasks

Determine optimal paths, forward data packets, and connect different networks.

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File Size & Duration

Increasing duration typically increases file size.

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File Size & Sample Rate

Decreasing sample rate decreases file size.

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File Size & Bit Depth

Increasing bit depth increases file size.

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ASCII

ASCII is a character encoding standard for representing text in computers.

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ASCII Denary Code 84

Character represented by ASCII denary code 84 is 'T'.

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Alternative Character Sets

UTF-8, Unicode are character sets.

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Image Metadata

Date created, camera model, and resolution are examples of image metadata.

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File Compression

Reduces file size for easier storage and transmission.

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Copyright

Legal protection for original works, preventing unauthorized copying or distribution.

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Data Protection Act (2018)

UK law protecting personal data; requires consent for data transmission.

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Computer Misuse Act (1990)

UK law addressing unauthorized access and modification of computer material.

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Patents Act (1988)

Legal protection for inventions, granting exclusive rights to the patent holder.

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Analogue to Digital Conversion

Converting an analog sound wave into a digital format through sampling and quantization.

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Sampling

The process of taking discrete samples of an analog signal at regular intervals.

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Quantization

The process of assigning a discrete value to each sampled point in an analog signal.

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Sampling Rate

The number of samples taken per second when converting analog sound to digital.

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Study Notes

  • Computers represent data in binary form.

File Size Binary Unit Equivalents

  • 2000 bytes is closest to 2 kilobytes.
  • 2000 terabytes has no listed equivalent.
  • 16 bits has no listed equivalent.
  • 4 nibbles has no listed equivalent.

Binary Conversions

  • Denary 221 converted into 8-bit binary requires showing the working process.
  • Hexadecimal 2F converted into denary requires showing the working process.
  • Binary 10110000 converted into hexadecimal.

Binary Representation

  • 4 bits can represent 16 unique values.
  • A binary shift of 3 places to the right on the binary number 10001110 results in 00010001.

CPU Components and Registers

  • The definition for the CPU component or register that stores the address of the next instruction to be fetched from memory and increments during each fetch-execute cycle is the Program Counter (PC)
  • CU (Control Unit) requires a related definition.
  • The definition for the CPU component or register that stores the address of the data to be fetched from or the address where the data is to be stored is the Memory Address Register (MAR).
  • The CPU component or register that performs mathematical calculations and logical operations is the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU).

Local Area Networks (LAN)

  • A LAN allows access by both wired and wireless devices.
  • A high number of devices using a network simultaneously can slow down the performance due to increased traffic and contention for available bandwidth.
  • One other specified factor that can affect the performance of the network is network hardware.

Accessing Websites

  • A website is hosted on a web server. The computers that access the websites are called clients.
  • The user enters the Uniform Resource Locator into a web browser. The web browser sends a request to the Domain Name Server for the matching IP (Internet Protocol) address.
  • An IPv4 address is made of 4 groups of digits, with each group between the denary values 0 and 255, separated by a full stop.

Ethernet Standard

  • Ethernet being a standard ensures compatibility and interoperability between different devices and network components.

Router Tasks

  • Three identified tasks carried out by a router are: directing data packets, connecting different networks, and assigning local IP addresses.

Encryption Use

  • Two justifications for a library implementing encryption include: protecting sensitive data and preventing unauthorized access or interception.

Internet Protocols

  • When sending an email, the email protocol to use is known as the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
  • To access a website securely, use the HTTPS protocol.

Al monitoring

  • Social networking websites use Al to monitor posts from users.
  • Includes legal issues, ethical issues and privacy issues.

Physical Security Methods

  • Identified methods of physical security that a software development company could implement to protect their computer systems includes: security cameras, and locked server rooms.

Software-Based Security Methods

  • Software-based security methods that the company can implement include: firewalls and strong passwords.

Data Legislation

  • A company transmits personal data to another company without the individual's permission is covered by The Data Protection Act (2018).
  • A school accidentally publishes their students' addresses on the school website falls under The Data Protection Act (2018).
  • The interface for a piece of software being replicated by a rival company is covered by the Copyright Designs and Patents Act (1988).
  • A user leaves a computer logged on, and another person leaves them a message on the desktop does not fall under defined legislation.
  • A student guesses their teacher's password and accesses their computer account is covered under the Computer Misuse Act (1990).

Analogue to Digital Sound

  • An analogue sound wave is converted into digital form through sampling and quantization.

File Changes

  • Duration changes from 10 minutes to 20 minutes will increase file size.
  • Sample rate changes from 44 kilohertz to 8 kilohertz will decrease both file size and audio accuracy.
  • Bit depth changes from 8 bits to 16 bits will increase both file size and audio accuracy.

ASCII Code

  • The ASCII denary code 84 represents the character "T".

Secondary Character Set

  • A secondary character set example is Unicode.

Image Metadata

  • Three pieces of image metadata often stored with an image include the date, time, and GPS location.

Data Compression Benefits

  • Two benefits of compressing data before it is emailed are reduced file size and faster transmission.

Lossy Compression

  • Lossy compression may not be appropriate to compress all of the student's files because it permanently removes some data.

RAM vs ROM

  • RAM is volatile and used for temporary data storage, while ROM is non-volatile and stores permanent instructions.

Smart TV Data

  • Two examples of data that the smart television could store in RAM include running applications and currently viewed content.

Secondary Storage

  • A smart television needs secondary storage to store the operating system, applications, and user data.

Television Storage

  • An appropriate type of secondary storage for the smart television is Solid State Drive (SSD). Faster access speed and greater reliability.

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OCR GCSE (9-1) Computer Science J277/01 - May 2022 - PDF

Description

Test your knowledge of data representation. Questions focus on bits, bytes, kilobytes, and conversions between binary and decimal. Also covers network protocols and AI monitoring.

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