Bipolar Disorder: Diagnosis and Causes

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What is the primary function of monoamine oxidase inhibitors in treating depression?

Blocking the reabsorption of serotonin and dopamine

Inhibiting the production of norepinephrine

Inhibiting the deactivation of neurotransmitters implicated in depression (correct)

Increasing the production of tyramine in the brain

What is a potential side effect of taking tricyclics?

Cardiotoxicity (correct)

Increased risk of anxiety

Dangerously low blood pressure

Decreased appetite

What is the primary difference between MAOIs and tricyclics?

Tricyclics are more effective for treating vegetative symptoms

Tricyclics are more commonly prescribed than MAOIs

MAOIs are more effective for treating somatic symptoms

MAOIs inhibit monoamine oxidase, while tricyclics block the reabsorption of neurotransmitters (correct)

What is the name of the amino acid that can interact with MAOIs to increase blood pressure?

Tyramine (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of antidepressant medication is most effective for treating vegetative and somatic symptoms of depression?

Tricyclics (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors?

Blocking the reabsorption of serotonin (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors compared to MAOIs and tricyclics?

They have fewer side effects (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why people taking MAOIs need to avoid certain foods and drugs?

To avoid interacting with tyramine and other substances that can increase blood pressure (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between antidepressant medications and other therapies for depressive disorders?

Antidepressant medications target neurotransmitters, while other therapies target other aspects of depression (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the most commonly prescribed group of antidepressant medications?

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary requirement for a diagnosis of cyclothymic disorder?

The person must experience symptoms at least half the time with no more than two consecutive, symptom-free months. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the current understanding of the role of genetics in bipolar disorder?

Bipolar disorder is highly heritable, but genetics is not the sole cause. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of biological explanations of bipolar disorder?

The functioning of brain regions involved in emotional processing. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the limitation of using standardized stimuli in fMRI studies of bipolar disorder?

Standardized stimuli do not elicit a strong emotional response. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of environmental stressors in bipolar disorder?

Environmental stressors can trigger episode relapse and increase depressive symptoms. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the theory that suggests that people with mood disorders are sensitive to stressors that disrupt their sleep or rhythms?

Social Zeitgeber Theory. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical first-line treatment choice for bipolar disorder?

Lithium. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the limitation of sample sizes in fMRI studies of bipolar disorder?

Small sample sizes make it difficult to compare between subgroups. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of positive life events on people with bipolar disorder?

Positive life events can increase manic symptoms in people with bipolar disorder. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of participants in fMRI studies of bipolar disorder?

Participants are typically people with bipolar disorder who are at various phases of illness. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between SSRIs and SNRIs?

SSRIs block the reabsorption of serotonin only, whereas SNRIs block the reabsorption of serotonin and norepinephrine (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect of ECT?

Confusion and memory loss (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of cognitive therapies?

To help the client identify and change distorted automatic thoughts and assumptions (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of cyclothymic disorder?

Numerous and alternating periods of hypomania and depression (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of TMS?

Delivering brief pulsating magnetic fields to the cortex (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of behavior therapies?

To increase the frequency and quality of experiences that are pleasant or help the client achieve mastery (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between bipolar I disorder and bipolar II disorder?

Bipolar I disorder is characterized by a single severe manic episode, whereas bipolar II disorder is characterized by a single hypomanic episode (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of deep brain stimulation?

Implanting an electrode in the brain and electrically stimulating the relevant brain region (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of interpersonal therapy for depression?

Improving interpersonal relationships (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of Short-Term Psychodynamic Therapy?

The therapy focuses on a limited number of important issues (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of SSRIs and SNRIs on people with bipolar disorder?

They induce mania or hypomania (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of lithium on neurotransmitter systems in the brain?

Reducing excitatory neurotransmission and increasing inhibitory neurotransmission (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect of lithium treatment that can improve with continued use?

Nausea (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Interpersonal and Social Rhythm Therapy (IPSRT)?

Addressing sleep disruptions and maintaining a stable rhythm (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the theory that IPSRT is based on?

Social Zeitgeber Theory (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of the therapist and client in IPSRT?

To develop and maintain a healthy balance of activity and stimulation (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of people who receive IPSRT treatment?

Reduced risk of episode recurrence (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common alternative to lithium treatment for people with bipolar disorder?

Anticonvulsant medications (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential drawback of lithium treatment?

Medication noncompliance (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of sleep dysregulation in bipolar disorder?

It plays a central role in bipolar disorder (B) Signup and view all the answers