Biotechnology Overview and Implications
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What was the primary aim of the conference organized by the National Academy of the Sciences in 1975?

  • To promote traditional fermentation methods.
  • To develop new breeding techniques.
  • To discuss the history of biotechnology.
  • To establish principles for conducting recombinant DNA experiments. (correct)

Which of the following best defines modern biotechnology according to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety?

  • Techniques that overcome natural reproductive and recombination barriers. (correct)
  • Techniques solely based on fermentation processes.
  • Techniques traditionally used in animal breeding.
  • Techniques that employ natural selection for genetic improvement.

What is considered a central theme in scientific discussion regarding new technologies?

  • The historical development of biotechnology.
  • Economic impacts of biotechnology on agriculture.
  • The scientific validity of traditional breeding methods.
  • Ethical implications of new technologies. (correct)

Which of the following questions reflects ethical implications related to biotechnology?

<p>Should we genetically modify embryos to eliminate diseases? (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of techniques does biotechnology utilize according to the provided content?

<p>Molecular and microbial techniques. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has changed regarding the definition of biotechnology over time?

<p>It is constantly evolving, lacking a definitive definition. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of biotechnology was brought into the public domain during the 1975 conference?

<p>Discussion on ethical implications of technological advances. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant characteristic that differentiates biotechnology companies from big pharmaceutical companies?

<p>Biotechnology companies do not typically manufacture the drugs they develop. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about the funding of biotechnological research?

<p>The type of organization influences the funding methods for research. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might biotechnology companies choose not to manufacture the drugs they develop?

<p>They plan to sell drug candidates to companies that possess manufacturing expertise. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region is NOT mentioned as having significant biotechnology operations?

<p>South America (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What trend is expected for biotechnology in the global economy over the next decades?

<p>It is predicted to become a major part of the economy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary application of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) mentioned?

<p>Forensic analysis to fingerprint DNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT mentioned as part of the system biology approach?

<p>RNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do chromatography resins play in pharmaceutical companies?

<p>To purify biological drugs produced in bacteria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is characterized as a major advancement in the biotechnology toolkit?

<p>Thermal cyclers for rapid heating and cooling (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term is used to refer to disciplines that incorporate the systems biology approach?

<p>-omics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific technique allows for the rapid DNA replication mentioned?

<p>Polymerase chain reaction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is not associated with the investigation of molecular components?

<p>Electrochemical assays (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using cell expression techniques in biotechnology?

<p>To comprehend the behavior of cells in various environments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What discovery enabled the purification of proteins from other cellular components?

<p>Chromatography techniques (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of using cellulase in the production of stone-washed jeans?

<p>It reduces the environmental impact and machinery costs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is generally considered non-optimal for most enzymes during manufacturing processes?

<p>Highly acidic conditions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What innovation has been made in laundry detergents regarding enzyme performance?

<p>Enzymes from microorganisms that thrive in cold water. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major environmental concern related to traditional plastics?

<p>They do not degrade. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are enzymes derived from microorganisms being studied for industrial applications?

<p>They can function in conditions previously deemed non-optimal. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential advantage of using plant-based plastics?

<p>They are a more environmentally friendly alternative. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do some microorganisms thrive that could lead to new enzyme discoveries?

<p>Hot springs and salt marshes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a direct result of using enzymes in cold-water laundry detergents?

<p>Lower water temperature requirements for stain removal. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a characteristic of cellulase in the textile industry?

<p>It provides a softer texture to denim without harsh chemicals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the use of new enzymes in the textile and laundry industries potentially impact energy usage?

<p>It decreases energy requirements by allowing cold washes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main concerns associated with adding antibiotics to livestock feed?

<p>It may contribute to antibiotic-resistant bacteria. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the expected clearance year for golden rice for human consumption?

<p>2012 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the practice called that involves engineering animals to produce therapeutic drugs in their milk?

<p>Pharming (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which act was introduced to phase out the nontherapeutic use of antibiotics in animal feed?

<p>Preservation of Antibiotics for Medical Treatment Act (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What unintended consequence has been observed from adding low levels of antibiotics to livestock feed?

<p>Emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When was golden rice developed in the laboratory?

<p>1999 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential benefit of genetically modified animals mentioned in the content?

<p>Increased levels of omega-3 fatty acids. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific outcome has been observed from the use of antibiotics in livestock feed historically?

<p>Increased meat and livestock yields. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a current area of research involving animals mentioned in the content?

<p>Utilizing animals for organ transplants. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the major healthcare concerns mentioned associated with antibiotic use in agriculture?

<p>Development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Biotechnology

The use of biological processes, organisms, or systems to create products or develop technologies for human benefit.

Asilomar Conference

A conference in 1975 that addressed the potential risks and ethical implications of recombinant DNA technology.

Recombinant DNA

The process of combining genetic material from different organisms to create new genetic combinations.

Genetic Engineering

Procedures that manipulate genes to create desired traits in organisms.

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Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety

A global agreement on the safe transfer, handling, and use of living modified organisms (LMOs) resulting from modern biotechnology.

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Modern Biotechnology

Techniques that go beyond the natural boundaries of reproduction, crossing species barriers to create new genetic combinations.

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Ethical Implications of Biotechnology

The ethical questions raised by the development and application of biotechnology, including the potential risks and benefits.

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Systems Biology

The study of biological systems as a whole, considering the interactions between different components, such as genes, proteins, and metabolites.

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Proteomics

Techniques that allow scientists to study the complete set of proteins in a cell or organism.

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Genomics

Techniques that allow scientists to study the complete set of DNA sequences in a cell or organism.

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Metabolomics

Techniques that allow scientists to study the complete set of metabolites in a cell or organism.

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Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

A specialized technique that allows scientists to make many copies of a specific DNA sequence.

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Chromatography

A laboratory technique used to separate molecules based on their size and properties.

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Cell Culture

Techniques used to grow cells in a controlled environment.

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Recombinant Protein Expression

A technique used to express (produce) a specific protein in a cell.

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Antibiotics in Animal Feed

Use of antibiotics in animal feed to increase growth and reduce meat prices.

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Antibiotic Resistance

The development of bacteria that are no longer susceptible to antibiotics.

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Golden Rice

A genetically modified rice variety with enhanced vitamin A content.

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Pharming

The use of animals to produce pharmaceutical products, such as drugs or proteins.

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Xenotransplantation

Using animals to produce organs for transplantation into humans.

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Genetic Modification

Modifications made to an organism's genes to enhance specific traits.

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Preservation of Antibiotics for Medical Treatment Act

A legislation aiming to reduce the non-therapeutic use of antibiotics in animal feed.

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Governmental Regulation

The approval process required for biotechnological products, such as genetically modified organisms, before reaching consumers.

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Genetically Modified Animals

The development of animals with enhanced nutritional value, like pigs with high omega-3 fatty acids.

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Time Lag for Biotech Products

The time lag between research and commercialization of biotechnological products.

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Biotechnology vs. Big Pharma: Therapeutic Development

Biotechnology companies typically focus on developing therapeutics using biological compounds like proteins and DNA, while pharmaceutical companies often work with chemical molecules.

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Biotech Business Model

Many biotechnology companies do not have their own manufacturing facilities. Instead, they license out their drug candidates to larger companies with manufacturing expertise.

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Global Reach of Biotechnology

The majority of biotechnology companies operate in the U.S., but there is a growing presence in Europe, Canada, Australia and Asia, with significant investments in research and development in places like Singapore and China.

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Funding Biotech Research

Funding for biotechnology research can come from various sources, including established companies reinvesting profits, government grants, venture capitalists, and philanthropic organizations.

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Key Differences: Biotech vs. Big Pharma

One of the key differences between biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies is their business model, including manufacturing, marketing, and funding strategies.

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Coldwater Laundry Detergents

The use of enzymes derived from microorganisms that thrive in cold temperatures to break down stains in laundry detergents, reducing the need for hot water and energy consumption.

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Extremophile Enzymes

Enzymes that can function effectively under harsh conditions, such as high or low temperatures, extreme pH levels, or high salt concentrations.

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Enzyme Optimization of Manufacturing Processes

The modification of manufacturing processes to utilize enzymes derived from microorganisms that thrive in specific conditions, improving efficiency and reducing environmental impact.

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Plant-based Plastics

A type of plastic derived from plant-based materials, offering a more environmentally friendly alternative to traditional petroleum-based plastics.

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Enzyme-based Denim Softening

The breakdown of denim fabric using enzymes, particularly cellulase, to achieve a softer texture, replacing the environmentally-harmful and expensive stone-washing process.

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Enzyme-based Stain Removal

The ability of enzymes to break down fat and protein stains in laundry detergents, effectively cleaning clothes without requiring hot water.

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Benefits of Enzyme Use in Industry

The use of enzymes in industrial processes offers numerous advantages over traditional methods, including reduced environmental impact, lower costs, and improved efficiency.

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Extremophile Research

The process of studying and identifying microorganisms that thrive in harsh environments, with the goal of isolating and utilizing their unique enzymes for industrial applications.

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Evolution of Biotechnology

The field of biotechnology continuously evolves by exploring new ways to utilize biological processes to improve existing technologies and create innovative solutions.

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Study Notes

Biotechnology: Good or Bad?

  • Biotechnology is powerful, changing the genetic makeup of organisms, including humans.
  • This power is controversial, with concerns about misuse and prioritizing profit over impact on the planet and humanity.
  • Some concerns are unfounded, stemming from fear rather than evidence.
  • Biotechnologists acknowledge ethical implications, warranting considerations that incorporate scientific data.

Biotechnology Timeline

  • Biotechnology's application dates back thousands of years (selective breeding, fermentation).
  • Significant expansion occurred in the past 150 years, driven by advancements in molecular and microbial techniques.

Biotechnology Toolkit

  • Biotechnology is a collection of tools (biological, chemical, instrumental, and software-based).
  • Biotechnology companies provide these tools for research and business applications, enhancing efficiency and reducing costs.

Biotechnological Tools and Techniques

  • Enzymes cut and reattach DNA, enabling gene transfer for producing new proteins (genetic engineering) and therapies like insulin.
  • Chromatography resins purify proteins.
  • Instruments like spectrophotometers and thermal cyclers (PCR) aid in analyses, and DNA replication.

Biotechnology Sectors

  • Biotechnology is widely used in life sciences research (basic and applied), healthcare, agriculture, food industry, and manufacturing, as well as in national defense, forensics, and nanotechnology.

Biotechnology and Life Science Research

  • Life science research seeks to understand how life systems function, while biotechnology research applies knowledge to solve problems.
  • Examples like virus research demonstrate this division, where biologists explore mechanisms while biotechnologists develop treatments.
  • The field has shifted to molecular-level approaches ("-omics"). Genomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics investigate entire genomes, proteins, RNA transcripts, and metabolites respectively, and use the methods and information produced from more basic biological research findings to investigate larger scale biological questions.

Drug Discovery and Development

  • Drug discovery finds potential drug molecules targeting disease-causing proteins.
  • Drug development modifies candidates for improved performance.
  • Clinical trials assess safety and efficacy in humans. Different phases progressively measure the effects of a drug, with increasing numbers of patients, and more emphasis on specific individuals affected by the target disease.

Clinical Diagnostics

  • Biotechnology plays a crucial role in identifying diseases and conditions quickly using diagnostic tests, including blood tests.
  • Microbiological infections and other conditions are identified with tests. These typically involve cultured microorganisms or antibodies.

Biotechnology in Agriculture

  • Genetically modified crops enhance yields, reduce pesticide use, and improve food value.
  • Genetic engineering adds multiple traits for increased efficacy.
  • Research into manufacturing therapeutic drugs in plants, such as insulin from safflower, aims to minimize costs and increase access to vaccines.

Biotechnology in Industrial Manufacturing

  • Biotechnology modernizes manufacturing, using enzymes and microorganisms to replace chemical-heavy processes in sectors like fabrics and electronics.
  • This reduces costs and environmental impact.
  • Examples include using enzymes for washing or creating biodegradable plastics.

Regulatory Aspects of Biotechnology

  • Regulations are put in place for disposal (waste), workplace safety, and waste materials to mitigate potential negative impacts.
  • Proper treatment of biohazardous and toxic wastes is critical.
  • Companies are increasingly involved in establishing industry standards (e.g., FDA approval process).

Biotechnology Industry Practices

  • Companies adhere to industry standards set by organizations like ISO or OECD.
  • SOPs (standard operating procedures) ensure uniformity in procedures and operations.
  • GLP and GMP (good laboratory and manufacturing practices) are critical standards for safety.
  • Stricter standards are often necessary for safety of human subjects of experiments (e.g., clinical drug trials).

Careers in Biotechnology

  • A wide range of careers exists (scientists, technicians, R&D scientists, engineers, and many support roles).
  • Education levels vary depending on the specific position (e.g., lab technician may require an associates degree, while an engineer might require a bachelor's-level degree).
  • Experience, skills, and education are vital components for specific career paths within biotechnology.

Bio-Rad

  • Bio-Rad Laboratories is a successful biotechnology firm, initially established with its early product, Tobacco Mosaic Virus experiments.
  • Now a major company dealing with reagents for various biology and biochemistry research.

Funding Biotechnological Research

  • Research is expensive, but methods exist such as company profits (R&D), venture capital, or government funding, to support funding. Different organizations will have different funding mechanisms depending on size and stability.

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Biotechnology: Good or Bad? PDF

Description

Explore the powerful and controversial field of biotechnology, examining its historical timeline, tools, and ethical considerations. Understand the implications of genetic manipulation and how biotechnology has evolved over time. This quiz will challenge your knowledge of biotechnological advancements and the associated ethical debates.

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