Biotechnology and Ethics
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Questions and Answers

What is crucial for the growth of new biotechnology?

  • Government regulations
  • Market demand
  • Public debate (correct)
  • Scientific breakthroughs
  • What is White Biotechnology associated with?

  • Agricultural production
  • Medical applications
  • Environmental conservation
  • Industrial processes (correct)
  • What is the main advantage of bioplastics produced from microbial polymers?

  • They are degradable and environmentally friendly (correct)
  • They are more durable than traditional plastics
  • They are cheaper to produce
  • They are stronger than traditional plastics
  • What is bioremediation?

    <p>The use of organisms to remove pollutants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are xenobiotics?

    <p>Synthetic materials that do not exist naturally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first stage of an industrial biotechnology process?

    <p>Upstream processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during upstream processing?

    <p>The preparation of raw materials for the target microorganism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for materials that can be broken down by biological action?

    <p>Biodegradable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Karl Ereky refer to as 'biotechnology' in 1917?

    <p>The use of living things to produce products from raw materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary basis of biotechnology in the 1960s?

    <p>Genetic engineering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a useful commercial product produced through biotechnology?

    <p>Insect-resistant plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is credited with coining the term 'biotechnology' in 1917?

    <p>Karl Ereky</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between traditional biotechnology processes and modern biotechnology practices?

    <p>Traditional biotechnology is based on empirical observations, while modern biotechnology is based on scientific scrutiny</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of biotechnology?

    <p>To synthesise, break down, or transform materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When did the biotechnology revolution begin?

    <p>1970s and early 1980s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the precise alteration of the genetic constitution of living organisms?

    <p>Genetic engineering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another example of a commercial product produced through biotechnology?

    <p>Banana vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did a Danish microbiologist refer to as 'biotechnology' in 1941?

    <p>A technique for precise selection of yeast strains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some of the expected breakthroughs in medicine and agriculture due to genetic engineering?

    <p>Development of new pharmaceutical drugs and therapies, and production of healthier foods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common thread among various definitions of biotechnology?

    <p>The use of living organisms or their components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main impact of genetic engineering on traditional biotechnology?

    <p>It has had a profound impact on almost all areas of traditional biotechnology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the areas where genetic engineering has led to breakthroughs?

    <p>Medicine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the recent advances in molecular biology, genetic engineering, and fermentation process technology?

    <p>New aspects of biotechnology are finding wide industrial application</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the expected outcomes of genetic engineering in agriculture?

    <p>Production of healthier foods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Safety, Ethics, and Welfare in Biotechnology

    • Public debate is essential for the growth of biotechnology and its scrutiny in the foreseeable future.
    • Public understanding of biotechnology could hasten public acceptance.

    White Biotechnology

    • A branch of industrial biotechnology that uses living cells (bacteria, fungi) and enzymes to synthesize easily degradable products.
    • Examples: production of bioplastics from microbial polymers, and biofuel production from starch and lignocelluloses.

    Biodegradable Materials and Bioremediation

    • Biodegradable materials can be broken down by biological action, e.g., by microorganisms (bacteria, fungus, etc.).
    • Bioremediation: use of organisms to remove materials from contaminated sites.

    Key Stages in Industrial Biotechnology

    • Upstream processing: preparation of raw materials for use as a food source for microorganisms.

    Traditional and Modern Biotechnology

    • Traditional biotechnology encompasses processes such as brewing, baking, winemaking, and sewage treatment.
    • Modern biotechnology began in the 1970s with genetic engineering, leading to breakthroughs in medicine and agriculture.

    Genetic Engineering and Its Impact

    • Genetic engineering allows for precise alteration of genetic constitution of living organisms.
    • Impact: breakthroughs in medicine, agriculture, pharmaceutical drugs, healthier foods, selective pesticides, and innovative environmental technologies.

    Introduction to Biotechnology

    • Biotechnology refers to the use of microbial, animal, or plant cells or enzymes to synthesize, break down, or transform materials.

    Historical Development of Biotechnology

    • 1917: Karl Ereky used the term to refer to industrial fermentation processes and integrated processes for large-scale production.
    • 1941: A Danish microbiologist used the term to refer to precise selection of yeast strains.
    • 1960s: Biotechnology was used to describe industrial production of goods and services using biological processes.
    • Modern definition: manipulation of living organisms or their components to produce commercial products.

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