Biotechnology Lecture 7: Genetic Engineering
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary condition necessary for protoplast fusion to occur?

  • Protoplasts require a high temperature environment.
  • Protoplasts must be the same species.
  • Protoplasts should come into contact and adhere to each other. (correct)
  • Protoplasts need to be mechanically intermingled.

Which of the following substances can induce fusion of protoplasts?

  • Potassium Nitrate
  • Sodium Chloride
  • Calcium (correct)
  • Sugar

Which mechanism is NOT mentioned as a method to facilitate protoplast fusion?

  • Electricity application.
  • Mechanical intermingling.
  • Chemical agents like calcium.
  • Temperature increase. (correct)

What role does polyethylene play in protoplast fusion?

<p>It induces protoplast fusion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about protoplast fusion is false?

<p>Chemical agents are necessary for all cases. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used for E. coli that possesses the F plasmid?

<p>Male cells (A), Donor cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does Relaxase play during the process of conjugation in E. coli?

<p>Facilitates the transfer of plasmids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are E. coli cells classified based on their plasmid content during conjugation?

<p>Donor and recipient cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about E. coli lacking the F plasmid is correct?

<p>They are known as recipient cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of bacterial conjugation, what does the term 'F+' signify?

<p>The cell possesses fertility plasmid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon allows plasmid DNA to enter the cell membrane during heat shock?

<p>Pore formation in the cell membrane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the interaction between plasmid DNA and the cell membrane during transformation?

<p>Repulsion occurs due to the negative charges on both plasmid DNA and the membrane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of heat shocking cells in water during DNA transformation procedures?

<p>To create temporary openings in the cell membrane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is crucial for the success of plasmid DNA uptake during heat shock?

<p>The temperature used during the heat shock (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do charge interactions play in the process of plasmid DNA entry into cells?

<p>Charge repulsion influences the transformation efficiency (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the Lysogenic cycle in relation to bacterial DNA and viral DNA?

<p>Viral DNA integrates with bacterial DNA, forming a hybrid genetic material. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of generalized transduction compared to specialized transduction?

<p>Generalized transduction can transfer any part of bacterial DNA. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process results in a mix of genetic material from both the bacterium and virus?

<p>Lysogenic cycle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes specialized transduction?

<p>It is limited to transferring specific bacterial genes linked to viral DNA. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does Rec.A play in the process described in the content?

<p>It facilitates the integration of viral DNA into bacterial DNA. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary subject discussed in the provided content?

<p>The implications of moral failure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is specifically referred to as a virus particle that infects bacteria?

<p>Bacteriophage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the nature of the term 'فسدة' as mentioned?

<p>A concept indicating moral decay (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context provided, what does the term 'غ جم ج' imply?

<p>The essence of chaos and discord (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes transducing phages?

<p>Transducing phages facilitate the transfer of DNA. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the text relate to the condition described as 'fara j'?

<p>It illustrates a state of disorganization and uncertainty (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs after bacterial DNA is incorporated into a phage?

<p>New phages are released from the bacteria. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best captures the consequence of the described situation in the content?

<p>A decline in community engagement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding all bacteriophages?

<p>Not all bacteriophages function as transducing phages. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of transducing phages in bacterial genetics?

<p>To facilitate the transfer of genetic material. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Bacteriophage

A virus that specifically infects bacteria.

Transducing Phage

A type of bacteriophage that can transfer DNA between bacteria.

Transduction

The process by which a bacteriophage incorporates bacterial DNA into its own genetic material.

Phage Release

The release of new phages from a bacterial cell after the phage has replicated.

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Not All Phages Are Transducing

Not all bacteriophages can transfer DNA. Only specific types, called transducing phages, have this ability.

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DNA and cell membrane repulsion

The natural repulsion between the negatively charged DNA molecule and the negatively charged cell membrane prevents DNA from entering a cell.

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Heat shock

A process of temporarily increasing the permeability of the cell membrane by exposing cells to a sudden temperature shift, usually to a higher temperature.

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Entry of plasmid DNA

The brief period of elevated temperature in heat shock allows DNA to pass through the pores in the cell membrane into the cytoplasm.

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Cell membrane function

The primary function of the cell membrane is to control the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

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Plasmid DNA

A small, circular DNA molecule that can replicate independently of the main chromosome.

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Generalized Transduction

A process in which a bacteriophage incorporates bacterial DNA into its own genome and then transfers that DNA to a new bacterial host.

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Specialized Transduction

A process where a bacteriophage inserts its DNA into a bacterial host's genome. During this process, some of the phage's DNA may be accidentally excised along with the bacterial DNA when the phage replicates.

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Rec.A

This protein acts as a key for integrating viral DNA into the bacterial genome during lysogenic cycle.

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Lysogenic Cycle

It is a stage of a viral lifecycle where the virus's DNA integrates into the host's DNA and remains inactive.

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F+ Cell

A bacterium containing the F plasmid, capable of transferring genetic material to another bacterium.

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F- Cell

A bacterium lacking the F plasmid, receiving genetic material from a donor cell.

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Bacterial Conjugation

The process by which genetic material is transferred from one bacterium to another through direct contact.

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Relaxase

An enzyme that breaks the circular DNA molecule in the F plasmid, allowing for its transfer during conjugation.

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Transfer of F Plasmid

The process by which a single-stranded copy of the F plasmid is transferred from a donor cell to a recipient cell via conjugation.

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Protoplast Fusion

The process by which two or more protoplasts (cells without cell walls) fuse together to form a single cell. This fusion can occur spontaneously or with the help of fusion-inducing chemicals.

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Fusion-Inducing Chemicals

Chemicals that facilitate the fusion of protoplasts. These chemicals can overcome the natural repulsion between cell membranes and promote their merging.

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Cell Membrane-DNA Repulsion

The natural repulsion between the negative charges of the cell membrane and DNA molecules. This repulsion prevents DNA from easily entering a cell.

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Study Notes

Biotechnology Lecture 7

  • Genetic engineering is a new and fascinating subject, discussed over three lectures.
  • Strains: Groups of species with distinguishing characteristics, identified by names, numbers, or letters (e.g., E. coli strain K12).
  • Strain Improvement: A scientific and technological process to manipulate and enhance microbial strains to improve metabolic capabilities.
  • Targets of strain improvement: Increasing productivity, regulating enzyme activity, and introducing new genetic properties using recombinant DNA technology/genetic engineering.
  • Approaches in Strain Improvement:
    • Mutation:
      • Definition: Sudden and heritable changes in organismal traits.
      • Types: Spontaneous (occurring naturally) and induced (caused by agents).
      • Example: Lipase production in Aspergillus japonicus MTCC 1975, increased by 127% (UV), 177% (HNO2), and 276% (NTG) compared to the parental strain.
    • Recombination:
      • Methods: Transformation, transduction, conjugation, and protoplast fusion.
  • Transformation: Bacteria take up free DNA from the environment to incorporate it into their chromosome. Method is efficient for linear DNA (e.g., chromosomal DNA), but not for circular plasmid DNA.
  • Transduction: Viruses (bacteriophages) transfer bacterial DNA between bacteria.
    • Two types:
      • Generalized transduction: Phage mistakenly packages bacterial DNA instead of phage DNA during assembly.
      • Specialized transduction: Phage DNA integrates into bacterial DNA, later excising some bacterial genes along with its own DNA to produce a new phage with recombinant DNA.
  • Conjugation: Gene transfer using a sex pilus between two bacteria.
  • Protoplast fusion: The fusion of protoplasts (cells with their cell walls removed) from different organisms, either spontaneously or chemically induced. Techniques include mechanical fusion, chemofusion (e.g., chemicals like polyethylene glycol, sodium nitrate), and electrofusion.
    • Spontaneous fusion: Happens naturally during isolation.
    • Induced fusion: Happens with the help of chemicals to bring protoplasts from different sources together.
  • Applications of protoplast fusion: Generating strains that have new characteristics (e.g., producing a new antibiotic).

General Concepts

  • Competency: The ability of a cell to take up foreign DNA
  • Natural transformation: Efficient for linear DNA but not for circular plasmids.
  • Artificial transformation: Suitable for circular DNA and performed using electroporation or chemicals.

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Lec 7 Biotechnology 2026 (PDF)

Description

Explore the fascinating world of genetic engineering in this lecture focusing on strain improvement in biotechnology. Learn about the methods of mutation and recombination, and how they are used to enhance microbial strains for better productivity. This lecture is an essential part of understanding advancements in genetic modification and microbial capabilities.

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