Biotechnology Chapter on Fermentation Systems
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What does the growth yield factor, denoted as $Y x′$, represent?

  • The efficiency of substrate assimilation
  • Total energy consumed during fermentation
  • Amount of maintenance energy used
  • Ratio of total produced biomass to total consumed substrate (correct)

    • Maintenance energy can never exceed 50% of the total substrate consumed.

    False

    What is meant by the term 'volumetric productivity' in fermentation?

    It refers to the rate at which biomass or product is generated per unit volume under specific operating conditions.

    Organic complex materials are most popular for ______ preparation.

    <p>medium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following factors with their definitions:

    <p>Yield factor = Efficiency of converting substrate to product Volumetric productivity = Rate of biomass or product generation per unit volume Maintenance energy = Energy used to sustain cellular functions Chemical defined medium = Medium prepared with known components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors can cause variations in yield factors?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chemically defined mediums are completely avoiding the use of agricultural by-products.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primary function of media preparation in fermentation processes?

    <p>To determine the amounts of each component based on yields and production rates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What field was biotechnology originally confined to?

    <p>Industrial microbiology and enzyme technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term biotechnology has remained limited to biochemical engineering since its inception.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who are the authors of the chapter on Characteristics and Techniques of Fermentation Systems?

    <p>Marcel Gutiérrez-Correa and Gretty Villena</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Biotechnology began to be used in the early ___ century.

    <p>20th</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms related to biotechnology with their descriptions:

    <p>Biochemical engineering = The application of engineering principles to biological systems Molecular biology = The study of biological processes at the molecular level Enzyme technology = The use of enzymes for industrial processes Omics fields = Fields that study comprehensive aspects of biological systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the current understanding of biotechnology?

    <p>A collection of various disciplines in the chemical-biological sector</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The advancements in molecular biology have had no significant impact on biotechnology.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major advancement has helped biotechnology include a wider range of activities?

    <p>Advances in molecular biology and omics fields</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the most critical steps in a commercial fermentation process?

    <p>Recovery and purification of the fermentation product</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Product concentration in fermentation processes is typically high.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage purity is generally required for therapeutic recombinant proteins?

    <p>More than 99%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cost of product recovery in fermentation processes is often greater than _____% of total production costs.

    <p>50</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following factors with their relevance to fermentation processes:

    <p>Type of fermentation = Influences recovery methods Product concentration = Affects purification complexity Product stability = Determines handling processes Effluent treatment = Ensures environmental compliance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors does NOT influence the recovery process in fermentation?

    <p>Flavor profile of the product</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enzymes produced by solid state fermentation are only sold in high purity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for all activities carried out to make a microbial product ready for market?

    <p>Downstream Processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using agar plates seeded with the master culture?

    <p>To evaluate the colony type</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first transfer from a stock culture using inoculating wire loops consistently provides an exact number of cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What temperature is recommended for storing stock cultures?

    <p>-20 C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The method found most satisfactory for storing standard inoculum of Streptomyces viridoflavus was in the _____ of a liquid nitrogen refrigerator.

    <p>gas space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a recommended practice to reduce variability during inoculum development?

    <p>Inoculating slants with liquid cultures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following inoculum development recommendations with their descriptions:

    <p>Using liquid inoculum = Helps avoid variations in cell counts Dividing first shake culture = Prepares several rounds of inocula Storing at -20 C = Preserves viability of cultures Evaluating the morphological condition = Assesses the health of the inoculum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Webb & Kamat recommended using liquid cultures over loop transfers for inoculation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered when evaluating the inoculum for fermentation systems?

    <p>Morphological and physiological condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of continuous fermentation systems over batch systems?

    <p>Less frequent shutdowns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Continuous fermentation systems are only used for large scale production of specific products.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the limiting component of the culture medium is exhausted in a continuous system?

    <p>Growth ceases and a steady state is reached.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In continuous culture reactors, the _____ flow is equal to the output flow.

    <p>input</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following aspects of continuous fermentation with their characteristics.

    <p>Operational control = Helps in minimizing contamination Contamination risk = Can arise from internal and external factors Equipment size = Can be reduced for the same rate of production Nutrient consumption = Maintained at optimal levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about the steady state in continuous processes?

    <p>It allows for optimal rates of nutrient consumption and output.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Continuous culturing only supports general-purpose organisms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Continuous processing is better integrated into parts such as the preparation of _____ and the recovery of product.

    <p>medium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one advantage of external-loop vessels compared to internal-loop devices?

    <p>More effective gas disengagement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Packed Bed Bioreactors are more prone to particle attrition compared to stirred reactors.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the propeller in Propeller Loop Bioreactors?

    <p>To promote loop circulation of fluid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a Fluidized Bed Bioreactor, particles are kept in constant __________.

    <p>motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following reactor types with their specific feature:

    <p>External-loop vessel = More effective gas disengagement Packed Bed Bioreactor = Used with biofilms and immobilized biocatalysts Fluidized Bed Bioreactor = Particles in constant motion Trickle Bed Bioreactor = Liquid trickles down through packing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which of the following situations are Packed Bed Bioreactors not suitable?

    <p>Processes producing large amounts of gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aeration in Packed Bed Bioreactors is typically done by sparging air directly into the bed.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism is used to ensure that catalyst particles do not leave the packed columns?

    <p>Screens are used at the liquid exit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Characteristics and Techniques of Fermentation Systems

    • Biotechnology is a field as old as human activities, originally focused on biochemical engineering and industrial microbiology, but now encompasses a broader range of activities in the chemical-biological sector.
    • Biotechnology integrates biochemistry, microbiology, and engineering to apply biological processes using cells, enzymes, or cell components for goods and services.
    • Fermented foods like wine, bread, and cheese have a history reaching back to ancient times and are examples of early forms of biotechnology.
    • Modern biotechnologies rely on advancements in molecular biology, chemistry, physics, informatics, and engineering. Tools like recombinant DNA technology, metabolic engineering, and bioreactor design are crucial.
    • Bioprocesses aim to maximize energy use and minimize environmental impact.

    Introduction

    • Biotechnology is a multidisciplinary field encompassing various activities related to the use of biological agents for industrial purposes.
    • Industrial microorganisms are genetically engineered to enhance yield and productivity.
    • Bioprocesses, using microorganisms in a controlled environment, are essential for many biotechnological applications.

    The Fermentation System

    • Fermentation, in a biological context, refers to the growth of microorganisms in controlled vessels (fermenters/bioreactors) under either aerobic or anaerobic conditions.
    • Fermentation systems encompass various stages: medium preparation, sterilization, inoculum development, production, downstream processing, and effluent treatment.
    • Media preparation ensures provision of essential nutrients for growing the target microorganism.
    • Medium sterilization, using thermal or physical agents, aims to eliminate undesired microorganisms.
    • Inoculum development establishes a pure culture of the required microorganism.
    • Production stage entails achieving high yields and productivities.
    • Downstream processes encompass downstream processing or purification and separation techniques to isolate and purify the desired products.

    Sterilization

    • Sterilization of bioreactors is critical for all fermentation processes.
    • This involves removal of all viable microorganisms from the environment.
    • Techniques include chemical, thermal, radiation, and physical procedures.
    • The focus is typically on eliminating contaminants from media, equipment, and/or the environment.
    • Thermal sterilization, a widely used method, involves controlled heating, ensuring the elimination of all types of microorganisms.

    Inoculum Development

    • Inoculum development ensures a suitable starter culture to initiate the fermentation process.
    • Microbial viability, concentration, and adequate morphofunctional state are key factors during this stage.
    • The method of inoculation varies based on the microbial organism and desired characteristics.
    • The inoculum should undergo preliminary testing to verify its characteristics, viability and purity.

    Inoculum Process Steps

    • Stock cultures stored at low temperatures are used to generate inoculum.
    • Transfers of the desired organisms to fresh media through the use of inoculating loops or wires are performed.
    • The inoculum is then placed in a shaker or fermentor flask to promote growth.
    • This initial growth stage is monitored to determine the most productive strain.
    • The final selection is achieved through controlled processes like inoculation transfers.
    • A pure stock culture may be preferred, if possible for the production batches.

    Fermentation Systems Classification

    • Fermentation systems are categorized into Submerged Cell Fermentation (SCF, also called submerged cultivation), Surface Adhesion Fermentation (SAF), and Immobilized Cell Fermentation (ICF).
    • SCF is the dominant method in industry, relying on suspending the organisms in a liquid medium.
    • SAF encompasses two main categories: solid-state fermentation, and biofilm fermentation, where microorganisms attach to a surface.
    • ICF, or immobilized cell fermentation, refers to the immobilization of cells onto or within a support, enabling repeated use.

    High-Cell Density Cultures

    • High-cell-density cultures (HCDC) aim to increase the concentration of cells within a fermentation system either through fed-batch culturing, cell recycling, or immobilized cells.
    • High cell densities improve product yield and reduce production costs.
    • Maintaining high cell concentrations might present challenges related to mass transfer or temperature control.

    Fermentation Process Operating Modes

    • Batch systems are simpler but involve the complete emptying and sterilization of the system before each new batch.
    • Continuous systems are more complex due to continuous feed and removal of culture liquids throughout the process.
    • Fed-batch systems use a combination of batch and continuous strategies, offering a balance between efficiency and flexibility.

    Downstream Processing

    • Downstream processing encompasses all operations after the fermentation stage to obtain purified product and prepare it for market.
    • This includes various steps including separation, purification, concentration and downstream processing.
    • The complexity and cost of downstream processing depends on the specific fermentation product.

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    Description

    This quiz explores key concepts in biotechnology, specifically focusing on fermentation systems. Topics include yield factors, volumetric productivity, and the historical context of biotechnology. Test your understanding of definitions and principles crucial to biochemical engineering.

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