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Questions and Answers
What does the growth yield factor, denoted as $Y x′$, represent?
What does the growth yield factor, denoted as $Y x′$, represent?
- The efficiency of substrate assimilation
- Total energy consumed during fermentation
- Amount of maintenance energy used
- Ratio of total produced biomass to total consumed substrate (correct)
Maintenance energy can never exceed 50% of the total substrate consumed.
Maintenance energy can never exceed 50% of the total substrate consumed.
False (B)
What is meant by the term 'volumetric productivity' in fermentation?
What is meant by the term 'volumetric productivity' in fermentation?
It refers to the rate at which biomass or product is generated per unit volume under specific operating conditions.
Organic complex materials are most popular for ______ preparation.
Organic complex materials are most popular for ______ preparation.
Match the following factors with their definitions:
Match the following factors with their definitions:
Which of the following factors can cause variations in yield factors?
Which of the following factors can cause variations in yield factors?
Chemically defined mediums are completely avoiding the use of agricultural by-products.
Chemically defined mediums are completely avoiding the use of agricultural by-products.
What is primary function of media preparation in fermentation processes?
What is primary function of media preparation in fermentation processes?
What field was biotechnology originally confined to?
What field was biotechnology originally confined to?
The term biotechnology has remained limited to biochemical engineering since its inception.
The term biotechnology has remained limited to biochemical engineering since its inception.
Who are the authors of the chapter on Characteristics and Techniques of Fermentation Systems?
Who are the authors of the chapter on Characteristics and Techniques of Fermentation Systems?
Biotechnology began to be used in the early ___ century.
Biotechnology began to be used in the early ___ century.
Match the following terms related to biotechnology with their descriptions:
Match the following terms related to biotechnology with their descriptions:
Which of the following best describes the current understanding of biotechnology?
Which of the following best describes the current understanding of biotechnology?
The advancements in molecular biology have had no significant impact on biotechnology.
The advancements in molecular biology have had no significant impact on biotechnology.
What major advancement has helped biotechnology include a wider range of activities?
What major advancement has helped biotechnology include a wider range of activities?
What is one of the most critical steps in a commercial fermentation process?
What is one of the most critical steps in a commercial fermentation process?
Product concentration in fermentation processes is typically high.
Product concentration in fermentation processes is typically high.
What percentage purity is generally required for therapeutic recombinant proteins?
What percentage purity is generally required for therapeutic recombinant proteins?
The cost of product recovery in fermentation processes is often greater than _____% of total production costs.
The cost of product recovery in fermentation processes is often greater than _____% of total production costs.
Match the following factors with their relevance to fermentation processes:
Match the following factors with their relevance to fermentation processes:
Which of the following factors does NOT influence the recovery process in fermentation?
Which of the following factors does NOT influence the recovery process in fermentation?
Enzymes produced by solid state fermentation are only sold in high purity.
Enzymes produced by solid state fermentation are only sold in high purity.
What is the term for all activities carried out to make a microbial product ready for market?
What is the term for all activities carried out to make a microbial product ready for market?
What is the primary purpose of using agar plates seeded with the master culture?
What is the primary purpose of using agar plates seeded with the master culture?
The first transfer from a stock culture using inoculating wire loops consistently provides an exact number of cells.
The first transfer from a stock culture using inoculating wire loops consistently provides an exact number of cells.
What temperature is recommended for storing stock cultures?
What temperature is recommended for storing stock cultures?
The method found most satisfactory for storing standard inoculum of Streptomyces viridoflavus was in the _____ of a liquid nitrogen refrigerator.
The method found most satisfactory for storing standard inoculum of Streptomyces viridoflavus was in the _____ of a liquid nitrogen refrigerator.
Which of the following is a recommended practice to reduce variability during inoculum development?
Which of the following is a recommended practice to reduce variability during inoculum development?
Match the following inoculum development recommendations with their descriptions:
Match the following inoculum development recommendations with their descriptions:
Webb & Kamat recommended using liquid cultures over loop transfers for inoculation.
Webb & Kamat recommended using liquid cultures over loop transfers for inoculation.
What is considered when evaluating the inoculum for fermentation systems?
What is considered when evaluating the inoculum for fermentation systems?
What is the primary advantage of continuous fermentation systems over batch systems?
What is the primary advantage of continuous fermentation systems over batch systems?
Continuous fermentation systems are only used for large scale production of specific products.
Continuous fermentation systems are only used for large scale production of specific products.
What happens when the limiting component of the culture medium is exhausted in a continuous system?
What happens when the limiting component of the culture medium is exhausted in a continuous system?
In continuous culture reactors, the _____ flow is equal to the output flow.
In continuous culture reactors, the _____ flow is equal to the output flow.
Match the following aspects of continuous fermentation with their characteristics.
Match the following aspects of continuous fermentation with their characteristics.
Which of the following statements is true about the steady state in continuous processes?
Which of the following statements is true about the steady state in continuous processes?
Continuous culturing only supports general-purpose organisms.
Continuous culturing only supports general-purpose organisms.
Continuous processing is better integrated into parts such as the preparation of _____ and the recovery of product.
Continuous processing is better integrated into parts such as the preparation of _____ and the recovery of product.
What is one advantage of external-loop vessels compared to internal-loop devices?
What is one advantage of external-loop vessels compared to internal-loop devices?
Packed Bed Bioreactors are more prone to particle attrition compared to stirred reactors.
Packed Bed Bioreactors are more prone to particle attrition compared to stirred reactors.
What is the primary purpose of the propeller in Propeller Loop Bioreactors?
What is the primary purpose of the propeller in Propeller Loop Bioreactors?
In a Fluidized Bed Bioreactor, particles are kept in constant __________.
In a Fluidized Bed Bioreactor, particles are kept in constant __________.
Match the following reactor types with their specific feature:
Match the following reactor types with their specific feature:
In which of the following situations are Packed Bed Bioreactors not suitable?
In which of the following situations are Packed Bed Bioreactors not suitable?
Aeration in Packed Bed Bioreactors is typically done by sparging air directly into the bed.
Aeration in Packed Bed Bioreactors is typically done by sparging air directly into the bed.
What mechanism is used to ensure that catalyst particles do not leave the packed columns?
What mechanism is used to ensure that catalyst particles do not leave the packed columns?
Flashcards
Biotechnology
Biotechnology
The application of biological processes and organisms for industrial purposes.
Industrial Microbiology
Industrial Microbiology
The study and use of microorganisms, especially for industrial applications.
Enzyme Technology
Enzyme Technology
A branch of biotechnology dealing with the use of enzymes as catalysts in industrial processes.
Omics Fields
Omics Fields
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Fermentation
Fermentation
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Biodegradation
Biodegradation
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Bioremediation
Bioremediation
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Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
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Growth yield factor (Yx')
Growth yield factor (Yx')
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Product yield factor (Yp')
Product yield factor (Yp')
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Maintenance energy
Maintenance energy
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Production rate (qp)
Production rate (qp)
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Volumetric productivity (Γp)
Volumetric productivity (Γp)
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Volumetric productivity of biomass (Γb)
Volumetric productivity of biomass (Γb)
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Complex materials
Complex materials
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Chemically defined medium
Chemically defined medium
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Downstream Processes
Downstream Processes
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Fermentation Effluent
Fermentation Effluent
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Product Recovery
Product Recovery
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Product Purity
Product Purity
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Product Recovery Cost
Product Recovery Cost
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Effluent Treatment
Effluent Treatment
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Product Purification
Product Purification
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Product Purity Requirements
Product Purity Requirements
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Inoculum Variation in Shake Flask
Inoculum Variation in Shake Flask
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Liquid Inoculum for Consistency
Liquid Inoculum for Consistency
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Multiple Rounds of Inoculum Development
Multiple Rounds of Inoculum Development
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Lab-Seed Culture Conservation
Lab-Seed Culture Conservation
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Liquid Nitrogen Storage for Inoculum
Liquid Nitrogen Storage for Inoculum
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Inoculum Morphological and Physiological Condition
Inoculum Morphological and Physiological Condition
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Classical Inoculum Development Method
Classical Inoculum Development Method
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Strain and Process Dependent Inoculum Development
Strain and Process Dependent Inoculum Development
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External-Loop Bioreactor
External-Loop Bioreactor
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Propeller Loop Bioreactor
Propeller Loop Bioreactor
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Jet Loop Bioreactor
Jet Loop Bioreactor
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Packed Bed Bioreactor
Packed Bed Bioreactor
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Trickle Bed Bioreactor
Trickle Bed Bioreactor
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Fluidized Bed Bioreactor
Fluidized Bed Bioreactor
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Particle Attrition
Particle Attrition
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Mass Transfer in Packed Bed Bioreactors
Mass Transfer in Packed Bed Bioreactors
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Continuous Fermentation
Continuous Fermentation
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Steady State
Steady State
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Limiting Component
Limiting Component
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Residence Time
Residence Time
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Batch Fermentation
Batch Fermentation
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Adaptability
Adaptability
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Sterilization
Sterilization
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Genetic Variants
Genetic Variants
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Study Notes
Characteristics and Techniques of Fermentation Systems
- Biotechnology is a field as old as human activities, originally focused on biochemical engineering and industrial microbiology, but now encompasses a broader range of activities in the chemical-biological sector.
- Biotechnology integrates biochemistry, microbiology, and engineering to apply biological processes using cells, enzymes, or cell components for goods and services.
- Fermented foods like wine, bread, and cheese have a history reaching back to ancient times and are examples of early forms of biotechnology.
- Modern biotechnologies rely on advancements in molecular biology, chemistry, physics, informatics, and engineering. Tools like recombinant DNA technology, metabolic engineering, and bioreactor design are crucial.
- Bioprocesses aim to maximize energy use and minimize environmental impact.
Introduction
- Biotechnology is a multidisciplinary field encompassing various activities related to the use of biological agents for industrial purposes.
- Industrial microorganisms are genetically engineered to enhance yield and productivity.
- Bioprocesses, using microorganisms in a controlled environment, are essential for many biotechnological applications.
The Fermentation System
- Fermentation, in a biological context, refers to the growth of microorganisms in controlled vessels (fermenters/bioreactors) under either aerobic or anaerobic conditions.
- Fermentation systems encompass various stages: medium preparation, sterilization, inoculum development, production, downstream processing, and effluent treatment.
- Media preparation ensures provision of essential nutrients for growing the target microorganism.
- Medium sterilization, using thermal or physical agents, aims to eliminate undesired microorganisms.
- Inoculum development establishes a pure culture of the required microorganism.
- Production stage entails achieving high yields and productivities.
- Downstream processes encompass downstream processing or purification and separation techniques to isolate and purify the desired products.
Sterilization
- Sterilization of bioreactors is critical for all fermentation processes.
- This involves removal of all viable microorganisms from the environment.
- Techniques include chemical, thermal, radiation, and physical procedures.
- The focus is typically on eliminating contaminants from media, equipment, and/or the environment.
- Thermal sterilization, a widely used method, involves controlled heating, ensuring the elimination of all types of microorganisms.
Inoculum Development
- Inoculum development ensures a suitable starter culture to initiate the fermentation process.
- Microbial viability, concentration, and adequate morphofunctional state are key factors during this stage.
- The method of inoculation varies based on the microbial organism and desired characteristics.
- The inoculum should undergo preliminary testing to verify its characteristics, viability and purity.
Inoculum Process Steps
- Stock cultures stored at low temperatures are used to generate inoculum.
- Transfers of the desired organisms to fresh media through the use of inoculating loops or wires are performed.
- The inoculum is then placed in a shaker or fermentor flask to promote growth.
- This initial growth stage is monitored to determine the most productive strain.
- The final selection is achieved through controlled processes like inoculation transfers.
- A pure stock culture may be preferred, if possible for the production batches.
Fermentation Systems Classification
- Fermentation systems are categorized into Submerged Cell Fermentation (SCF, also called submerged cultivation), Surface Adhesion Fermentation (SAF), and Immobilized Cell Fermentation (ICF).
- SCF is the dominant method in industry, relying on suspending the organisms in a liquid medium.
- SAF encompasses two main categories: solid-state fermentation, and biofilm fermentation, where microorganisms attach to a surface.
- ICF, or immobilized cell fermentation, refers to the immobilization of cells onto or within a support, enabling repeated use.
High-Cell Density Cultures
- High-cell-density cultures (HCDC) aim to increase the concentration of cells within a fermentation system either through fed-batch culturing, cell recycling, or immobilized cells.
- High cell densities improve product yield and reduce production costs.
- Maintaining high cell concentrations might present challenges related to mass transfer or temperature control.
Fermentation Process Operating Modes
- Batch systems are simpler but involve the complete emptying and sterilization of the system before each new batch.
- Continuous systems are more complex due to continuous feed and removal of culture liquids throughout the process.
- Fed-batch systems use a combination of batch and continuous strategies, offering a balance between efficiency and flexibility.
Downstream Processing
- Downstream processing encompasses all operations after the fermentation stage to obtain purified product and prepare it for market.
- This includes various steps including separation, purification, concentration and downstream processing.
- The complexity and cost of downstream processing depends on the specific fermentation product.
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Description
This quiz explores key concepts in biotechnology, specifically focusing on fermentation systems. Topics include yield factors, volumetric productivity, and the historical context of biotechnology. Test your understanding of definitions and principles crucial to biochemical engineering.
