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Questions and Answers
What is the application of a technological process, invention, or method to living organisms called?
What is the application of a technological process, invention, or method to living organisms called?
Inbreeding increases genetic variation within a species.
Inbreeding increases genetic variation within a species.
False (B)
What is the process of crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the most desirable traits from both parents?
What is the process of crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the most desirable traits from both parents?
hybridization
The use of microbes to remove pollutants from the environment is known as ______.
The use of microbes to remove pollutants from the environment is known as ______.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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What can be used to induce mutations in DNA?
What can be used to induce mutations in DNA?
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Comparative genomics provides insights into the evolutionary relationships among species.
Comparative genomics provides insights into the evolutionary relationships among species.
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What is one concern that arises from the manipulation of DNA?
What is one concern that arises from the manipulation of DNA?
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What is the role of Taq polymerase in PCR?
What is the role of Taq polymerase in PCR?
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In gel electrophoresis, smaller molecules travel slower than larger molecules.
In gel electrophoresis, smaller molecules travel slower than larger molecules.
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What are ddNTPs missing that causes termination of DNA replication?
What are ddNTPs missing that causes termination of DNA replication?
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A ____ is a species studied to understand and compare it to the biological processes of similar organisms.
A ____ is a species studied to understand and compare it to the biological processes of similar organisms.
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What is the primary purpose of using a marker in gel electrophoresis?
What is the primary purpose of using a marker in gel electrophoresis?
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Next-generation sequencing techniques were first used before 2005.
Next-generation sequencing techniques were first used before 2005.
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What was the first complete genome to be sequenced?
What was the first complete genome to be sequenced?
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What is the primary function of DNA ligase in genetic engineering?
What is the primary function of DNA ligase in genetic engineering?
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Bacterial transformation involves the direct modification of an organism's genotype by adding recombinant DNA.
Bacterial transformation involves the direct modification of an organism's genotype by adding recombinant DNA.
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What is the full name of the genetic tool abbreviated as CRISPR?
What is the full name of the genetic tool abbreviated as CRISPR?
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A genetically modified organism, or ______, is an organism that has received recombinant DNA.
A genetically modified organism, or ______, is an organism that has received recombinant DNA.
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What is a clone in the context of genetic engineering?
What is a clone in the context of genetic engineering?
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The first cloned animal was a dog.
The first cloned animal was a dog.
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In CRISPR technology, what molecule guides the Cas9 enzyme to a specific DNA sequence?
In CRISPR technology, what molecule guides the Cas9 enzyme to a specific DNA sequence?
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Which of the following organisms are commonly studied using whole genome sequencing?
Which of the following organisms are commonly studied using whole genome sequencing?
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Whole exome sequencing examines the entire DNA sequence of a genome.
Whole exome sequencing examines the entire DNA sequence of a genome.
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What is the name of the software program used to compare sequences from GenBank and construct phylogenetic trees?
What is the name of the software program used to compare sequences from GenBank and construct phylogenetic trees?
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A DNA microarray is used to detect gene ______ by analyzing an array of DNA fragments.
A DNA microarray is used to detect gene ______ by analyzing an array of DNA fragments.
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In a DNA microarray experiment, cancer cells are typically labeled with what color during the analysis?
In a DNA microarray experiment, cancer cells are typically labeled with what color during the analysis?
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Recombinant DNA is commonly found in nature through natural processes.
Recombinant DNA is commonly found in nature through natural processes.
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What is one potential application of genomics mentioned in the text?
What is one potential application of genomics mentioned in the text?
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Match the function to the correct description
Match the function to the correct description
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Which of the following is a potential benefit of genetically modified (GM) foods?
Which of the following is a potential benefit of genetically modified (GM) foods?
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According to the content, there have been long-term studies conducted on the adverse effects of GM foods.
According to the content, there have been long-term studies conducted on the adverse effects of GM foods.
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What specific type of DNA is passed directly from a mother to her child, making it useful for ancestry studies?
What specific type of DNA is passed directly from a mother to her child, making it useful for ancestry studies?
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The use of ______ is one way to identify DNA bases in a DNA fingerprinting process.
The use of ______ is one way to identify DNA bases in a DNA fingerprinting process.
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What is a primary concern about the lack of labels on GMO products?
What is a primary concern about the lack of labels on GMO products?
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Besides forensics and paternity tests, what is one other application of DNA fingerprinting mentioned?
Besides forensics and paternity tests, what is one other application of DNA fingerprinting mentioned?
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According to the content, genes found in nature can be patented in the US.
According to the content, genes found in nature can be patented in the US.
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What is the primary purpose of injecting cows with hormones in the US?
What is the primary purpose of injecting cows with hormones in the US?
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Dolly the sheep lived a longer than average lifespan for her breed.
Dolly the sheep lived a longer than average lifespan for her breed.
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What is a key benefit of modifying pigs to produce more lean meat or higher levels of omega fatty acids?
What is a key benefit of modifying pigs to produce more lean meat or higher levels of omega fatty acids?
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Sterile mosquitos have been released in Florida to lower their numbers and prevent disease ______.
Sterile mosquitos have been released in Florida to lower their numbers and prevent disease ______.
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What is a major ethical concern regarding the cloning of human embryos?
What is a major ethical concern regarding the cloning of human embryos?
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Match the following animal modifications with their corresponding purpose:
Match the following animal modifications with their corresponding purpose:
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Genetically modified foods were introduced in the US after the year 2000.
Genetically modified foods were introduced in the US after the year 2000.
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What is one benefit of genetically modifying crops to contain genes that produce toxins?
What is one benefit of genetically modifying crops to contain genes that produce toxins?
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Study Notes
Biotechnology and Genomics
- Biotechnology is the application of technology, processes, inventions, or methods to living organisms.
- DNA manipulation allows scientists to modify bacteria to protect crops from pests, or modify crops themselves to increase yields.
- Biotechnologies have produced insulin, hormones, antibiotics, and medicines.
- Comparative genomics provides new insights into evolutionary relationships amongst species.
- DNA sequencing reveals genetic makeup.
- DNA manipulation presents social and ethical dilemmas.
Selective Breeding
- Selective breeding involves choosing organisms with desired characteristics to mate for offspring.
- It leverages naturally occurring genetic variation to pass wanted traits to the next generation.
- An example of selective breeding is the evolution of corn from teosinte.
Hybridization & Inbreeding
- Hybridization involves crossing dissimilar individuals to combine desirable traits from both parents.
- An Example: Combining disease resistance with high yields in plants.
- Inbreeding involves the continued breeding of similar individuals.
- A result of inbreeding is a higher chance of recessive alleles leading to defects.
- Less genetic variation can make a species more susceptible to emerging pathogens.
Mutation
- Mutations are heritable changes in DNA.
- Mutations can occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens (radiation).
- Mutations can be useful in bacteria due to their rapid growth rate.
- Bioremediation utilizes microbes to remove pollutants from the environment, including agricultural chemicals like pesticides and fertilizers.
- Microbial activity is also used cleaning up oil spills.
Polyploidy
- Polyploidy is when an organism has an incorrect number of chromosome sets.
- Polyploidy is typically fatal in animals.
- Polyploidy can lead to larger and stronger plants compared to diploid relatives.
- Some examples of polyploid plants include wheat and various fruits.
Human Genome Project
- The Human Genome project sequenced the human genome (3 billion base pairs).
- The project mapped the location of genes within the genome.
- It began in 1990 and was largely completed by 2003.
- Sequencing has led to discoveries about diseases and ancestry.
- Ethical considerations regarding the use of genetic information are raised by this project.
Function of Human Genes
- About 25% of human genes have unknown functions.
- Genes are involved in protein trafficking, cell structure, motility, transport, immunity, cell growth, and development, other metabolism, and miscellaneous functions.
DNA Extraction
- Every cell contains DNA, which can be isolated for study.
- Lysis buffer disrupts cell membranes, releasing DNA.
- Enzymes (protease and RNase) remove proteins and RNA.
- Centrifugation separates cellular debris from the DNA solution.
- DNA precipitates with alcohol.
- Restriction enzymes cut DNA into fragments.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
- PCR is a technique for amplifying specific DNA sequences.
- PCR is useful for analyzing genetic diseases, detecting contaminants in DNA samples, and increasing DNA for sequencing.
- DNA is heated to separate the strands, primers bind, new DNA strands are synthesized.
- The cycle is repeated.
Gel Electrophoresis
- Gel electrophoresis separates DNA, RNA, or proteins by size.
- Samples are loaded onto a gel, and an electric field moves the molecules through the gel.
- Smaller molecules move faster and further than larger molecules.
- Separated molecules are visualized using stains.
Chain Termination/Dideoxy Method
- Used to determine the DNA base sequence.
- DNA is replicated with fluorescently labeled dideoxy nucleotides.
- Termination of DNA synthesis occurs with each dideoxy nucleotide.
- Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments based on length to determine base sequence.
Next-Generation Sequencing
- Automated techniques allow for fast and cost-effective DNA sequencing.
- Model organisms are studied to understand and apply biological processes.
- Examples of model organisms include E.coli, S. cerevisiae, fruit fly, mouse, and human.
Database
- Databases store biological information, like DNA sequences (GenBank, NCBI).
- Tools like BLAST compare DNA sequences from GenBank to construct evolutionary trees.
- Whole genome sequencing and whole exome sequencing provide comprehensive genomic information.
DNA Microarrays
- Used to analyze gene expression by detecting the presence of specific DNA fragments.
- DNA fragments are attached to a solid surface (glass or silicon chip).
- mRNA is isolated from healthy and diseased cells.
- Labelled mRNA is applied, and the presence/absence of specific genes is identified.
- Use in genomic studies and diagnostics is wide-ranging.
Recombinant DNA
- Recombinant DNA involves artificially creating DNA molecules by inserting foreign DNA into a plasmid.
- This has been used for the creation of bacteria to produce insulin and other pharmaceutical products.
- Genetic markers can identify bacteria that carry the plasmid.
Bacterial Transformation
- Bacteria can take up foreign DNA.
- Recombinant DNA can be delivered into bacteria; used to study gene expression.
- The transformation process, and techniques for selecting transformed bacteria, are critical for Biotechnology.
CRISPR
- CRISPR-Cas9 is a gene editing tool.
- It allows scientists to precisely target and modify DNA sequences.
- CRISPR has applications in gene therapy and other areas of biotechnology.
Genetic Engineering
- Techniques to alter an organism's genotype to modify traits or express a new trait.
- Often involves incorporating foreign DNA or modifying existing genes through cloning, and insertion of genes to make new proteins or remove harmful proteins.
- Genetically modifying organisms are often used for food production and as model organisms. This can result in both advantages and disadvantages.
Cloning
- The process of making identical copies of an individual or an organism.
- Cloned animal (Dolly) that resulted from transferring DNA from another animal.
- Can be in multicellular animals or unicellular (bacteria).
- Cloning has numerous applications; but many disadvantages.
Drawbacks of Cloning
- Low success rates.
- Lifespan concerns.
- Potential physical abnormalities.
- Ethical objections to human cloning.
Animals
- 30% of U.S. milk supply comes from cows injected with milk-producing hormones.
- Pigs have been genetically modified to produce lean meat.
- Salmon have been genetically modified for faster growth.
- Mosquitoes have been used to transmit diseases, and are used to control their population.
Agriculture
- Genetic modification has made food production more efficient, cost-effective, and resilient.
- Modifications include producing crops resistant to pests and diseases.
- Genetically modified crops offer higher yields.
- Considerations exist due to long-term effects on the environment and human health.
Genetically Modified Foods (GM Foods)
- Advantages: higher yields, uses less land and energy, better cost.
- Disadvantages: loss of genetic diversity, lack of long term studies.
Identification
- DNA fingerprinting can identify unique DNA sequences (except for identical twins) useful in forensic investigations and various other applications.
- Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sites into segments.
- PCR multiplies the selected segments.
- Gel electrophoresis separates DNA segments by size.
- DNA sequences identify unique patterns. Applications in forensics, criminal cases, paternity tests, and confirming ancestry.
Ethics
- Ethical considerations exist when using genetic modification techniques.
- Patenting of genetic material, access to genetic information, and potential discrimination are major issues.
- Use of genetic modification to understand or control organism's behavior, disease, or characteristics.
- Ethical implications of cloning and germ-line modification.
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Description
Test your knowledge on biotechnology and its applications, including genetic engineering, PCR, and gel electrophoresis. This quiz covers techniques and concerns surrounding genetic manipulation, as well as the role of various processes in biotechnology.
