Biotechnology and its Applications
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Questions and Answers

Biotechnology is primarily about the industrial-scale production of which of the following? (Select all that apply)

  • Biologicals (correct)
  • Genetically Modified Organisms (correct)
  • Organisms
  • Biopharmaceuticals (correct)

    • Which of the following technologies is NOT considered a critical research area in biotechnology?

  • Developing improved organisms
  • Engineering optimal conditions for catalysts
  • Microbiology (correct)
  • Downstream processing

    • Which of the following agricultural approaches emphasizes the use of genetically engineered crops? (Select all that apply)

  • Genetically engineered crop-based agriculture (correct)
  • Organic agriculture
  • Agro-chemical based agriculture

    • What is the name for the process of regenerating a whole plant from any cell or explant of that plant?

    <p>Totipotency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these techniques is NOT used in tissue culture for increasing plant propagation?

    <p>Cross-pollination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The meristem of a plant is often free of viruses, even if the plant itself is infected.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name for the hybrid plant created by fusing protoplasts of tomato and potato?

    <p>Pomato</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) are always considered unethical.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following benefits of GMOs with their respective descriptions:

    <p>Increased tolerance to abiotic stresses (cold, drought, salt, heat) = Allows crops to withstand harsh environmental conditions, aiding food production in challenging climates Reduced reliance on chemical pesticides = Creates pest-resistant crops, decreasing the need for insecticides and associated environmental concerns Enhanced nutritional value of food = Enriches crops with essential nutrients such as Vitamin A, promoting healthier diets and addressing nutritional deficiencies Increased efficiency of mineral usage by plants = Helps plants absorb and utilize nutrients more effectively, minimizing soil depletion and improving agricultural sustainability Reduced post harvest losses = Preserves crops by making them more resistant to damage during transportation, storage, and handling, reducing food waste and improving food distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the protein produced by the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis that is toxic to various insects?

    <p>Bt toxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which Bt toxin kills insects?

    <p>Bt toxin, initially inactive in the insect's gut, is activated by alkaline gut pH. It then binds to the midgut epithelial cells, creating pores and causing swelling and eventual cell lysis, leading to the insect's death.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The gene coding for Bt toxin is often called _____.

    <p>cry1Ac</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What abbreviation is often used to refer to the Bacillus thuringiensis bacterium?

    <p>Bt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of insect that Bt toxin is often effective against?

    <p>Hemipterans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does RNAi stand for?

    <p>RNA Interference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    RNAi can be used to silence only genes related to viral infections.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key mechanism behind RNAi in pest-resistant plants?

    <p>Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) triggers the silencing of specific mRNA molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a major challenge faced by researchers attempting to produce insulin using recombinant DNA technology?

    <p>Ensuring correct folding and assembly of insulin chains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Insulin extracted from animal sources (e.g., pigs and cows) does not cause allergic reactions in humans.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the protein produced by the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Insulin can be effectively delivered orally.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name for the initial form of insulin that contains an extra stretch called the C peptide?

    <p>Proinsulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gene therapy is only used to treat diseases caused by a single gene

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a method used in gene therapy to correct genetic defects?

    <p>Complete replacement of the patient's DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the enzyme involved in the immune system that is deficient in Adenosine Deaminase Deficiency (ADA) disease?

    <p>Adenosine deaminase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a traditional method for treating ADA deficiency?

    <p>Gene therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following techniques is considered a powerful tool for early diagnosis of diseases?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The technique known as Southern blotting is used to detect specific sequences of DNA using a radioactively labelled probe.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name for the process of introducing a foreign gene into an organism?

    <p>Transgenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mice are the most common type of transgenic animal.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a benefit of creating transgenic animals?

    <p>Improving the genetic diversity of livestock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Genetically engineered organisms do not pose any risks to the environment.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Indian Government has established the ____ to regulate research and commercialization involving genetically modified organisms.

    <p>GEAC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Biopiracy refers to the unauthorized use of traditional medicinal plants for commercial exploitation without proper benefits to the source community.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The second amendment to the Indian Patent Bill includes provisions to address the concerns related to biopiracy.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Biotechnology and its Applications

    • Biotechnology is the industrial scale production of biopharmaceuticals and biologicals using genetically modified microbes, fungi, plants, and animals.
    • Applications include therapeutics, diagnostics, genetically modified crops, processed foods, bioremediation, waste treatment, and energy production.
    • Three critical areas in biotechnology are: providing an improved catalyst (microbe or enzyme), creating optimal conditions for the catalyst, and downstream processing for purification.
    • Biotechnology is used to improve human life, especially in food production and health.

    Biotechnological Applications in Agriculture

    • Three options for increasing food production are:
      • Agro-chemical based agriculture
      • Organic agriculture
      • Genetically engineered crop-based agriculture.
    • The Green Revolution tripled food supply but wasn't enough.
    • Agrochemicals (fertilizers and pesticides) have been used for increased yields, but are expensive and don't always increase yields further in developing countries.
    • Traditional breeding techniques are slow and further yield increases are not possible.
    • Tissue culture (totipotency) is a technology used to produce whole plants from any plant part (explants) in a lab setting under sterile conditions.
    • This method can be used to quickly produce many genetically identical plants (somatic clones), e.g., tomato, banana, apple.
    • Tissue culture can also be used to recover healthy plants from diseased ones, by removing the virus-free meristem.
    • Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) involve altering plant genes for various purposes.
    • Benefits include increased tolerance to stresses (cold, drought, salt, heat), reduced pesticide use, and improved nutritional value (e.g., Golden Rice).

    Biotechnological Applications in Medicine

    • Recombinant DNA technology has significantly impacted healthcare by enabling the mass production of safe and effective therapeutic drugs.
    • These drugs are often identical to human proteins and don't cause harmful immune responses.
    • Insulin is a crucial treatment for diabetes.
    • In the past, insulin was extracted from animals (cattle/pigs) but now is produced using bacteria, resulting in a faster, more efficient, and less expensive process.

    Transgenic Animals

    • Transgenic animals have DNA altered to express an extra (foreign) gene, enabling the study of gene regulation, disease models, and the production of pharmaceuticals.
    • They are crucial models for studying human diseases (e.g., cancer, cystic fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, Alzheimer's).
    • This technology is used in creating efficient and safe vaccines for humans (e.g., polio).

    Ethical Issues

    • Ethical standards and biological significance are crucial in manipulating living organisms for public service (e.g. food and medicine sources), as these manipulations can have unpredictable impacts on ecosystems.
    • Regulations and approval committees are needed for safety and responsible use of genetically modified organisms.
    • Companies patenting products using genetic materials from certain regions is a subject of ethical and social debate. Farmers and indigenous peoples' traditional knowledge rights are important considerations.

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    Description

    This quiz examines the principles of biotechnology and its various applications, particularly in agriculture and health. It covers the production of biopharmaceuticals using genetically modified organisms and discusses the impact of biotechnological advancements on food production and environmental sustainability.

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