NCERT - BIOTECHNOLOGY - AND ITS APPLICATIONS

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Questions and Answers

What is one of the applications of biotechnology in agriculture?

Improved pest control using traditional methods

Increased use of chemical fertilizers only

Reducing crop yields

Genetically modified crops (correct)

The Green Revolution was fully successful in feeding the growing human population.

False

What is the term for the ability of a plant cell to regenerate a whole plant from any part?

totipotency

Biotechnology uses genetically modified ______ for various applications.

microbes Signup and view all the answers

Match the following biotechnological applications with their descriptions:

Bioremediation = The use of microbes to clean up environmental pollutants Diagnostics = Techniques used to identify diseases or conditions Processed Food = Food products that have been altered through biotechnology Therapeutics = Biopharmaceuticals used for treatment of diseases Signup and view all the answers

What technology was developed because traditional breeding techniques could not keep pace with demand?

Tissue culture Signup and view all the answers

Agrochemicals are always affordable for farmers in developing countries.

False Signup and view all the answers

The optimum conditions for a catalyst in biotechnology are created through ______.

engineering Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential source of insulin if human insulin is not available?

Insulin from other animals Signup and view all the answers

Insulin extracted from animal sources does not cause any allergic reactions in patients.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are the two polypeptide chains that make up insulin called?

Chain A and Chain B Signup and view all the answers

The C peptide is removed during the maturation of __________ into insulin.

pro-insulin Signup and view all the answers

What significant development in 1983 changed insulin production?

Production of insulin using rDNA techniques Signup and view all the answers

Insulin can be effectively administered orally to diabetic patients.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is gene therapy attempting to address?

Hereditary diseases Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components with their roles in insulin production:

Pro-insulin = Precursor to insulin that contains a C peptide C peptide = Segment removed to form mature insulin E. coli = Bacterium used for insulin production through rDNA Disulfide bonds = Linkage that holds together insulin chains A and B Signup and view all the answers

What technique is commonly used to detect very low amounts of DNA?

PCR Signup and view all the answers

Transgenic animals can only be produced from mice.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using PCR in the context of detecting pathogens?

To amplify nucleic acids so that very low concentrations can be detected. Signup and view all the answers

Transgenic animals are primarily used to study how genes contribute to the development of __________.

disease Signup and view all the answers

Match the following techniques with their descriptions:

PCR = Amplifies DNA for detection ELISA = Detects antibodies or antigens Autoradiography = Visualizes DNA fragments Transgenic Animals = Animals with modified genes Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about ELISA is correct?

It is based on antigen-antibody interactions. Signup and view all the answers

Transgenic technology can be used to study normal physiology and development.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential benefit of producing transgenic animals?

They can help investigate new treatments for diseases. Signup and view all the answers

Which transgenic animal was the first to produce human protein-enriched milk?

Transgenic cow (Rosie) Signup and view all the answers

Transgenic mice are used to test the safety of the polio vaccine.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is α-1-antitrypsin used to treat?

Emphysema Signup and view all the answers

Transgenic animals that are sensitive to toxic substances are used in ______ testing.

toxicity Signup and view all the answers

Match the following diseases with their related transgenic models:

Cancer = Transgenic mice Cystic fibrosis = Transgenic animals producing proteins Rheumatoid arthritis = Transgenic mice Alzheimer's = Transgenic mice Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the ethical concerns regarding genetic modification of organisms?

Unpredictable results in the ecosystem Signup and view all the answers

What organization does the Indian Government set up to regulate genetic modification research?

Genetic Engineering Approval Committee (GEAC) Signup and view all the answers

The introduction of transgenic models for human diseases has eliminated the need for any form of animal testing.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main reasons for amendments to the Indian Patents Bill?

To ensure adequate compensation and benefit sharing Signup and view all the answers

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) are created only using natural methods.

False Signup and view all the answers

What process enables the mass production of safe and effective therapeutics?

Recombinant DNA technology Signup and view all the answers

___ animals are used as models to understand human diseases like cancer and Alzheimer's.

Transgenic Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a benefit of using GM crops?

Tolerant to environmental stresses Signup and view all the answers

Gene therapy involves removing defective genes from an individual's cells.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of gene targeting in gene therapy?

To amplify genes or replace defective alleles Signup and view all the answers

Match the following biotechnology terms with their definitions:

Tissue culture = Technique for manipulating plant cells in vitro Recombinant DNA = DNA made from two different sources Transgenic organism = An organism that has genes from another species Gene therapy = Treatment of diseases by altering genes Signup and view all the answers

What is one effect of genetic modification on crops?

Reduced reliance on chemical pesticides Signup and view all the answers

Bt toxin produced by Bacillus thuringiensis is inactive until ingested by insects.

True Signup and view all the answers

What does the gene cryIAc code for?

Bt toxin Signup and view all the answers

Genetic modification has enhanced the __________ value of crops, such as golden rice.

nutritional Signup and view all the answers

Match the following BT toxins with their target pests:

cryIAc = Cotton bollworm cryIIAb = Corn borer cryIAb = Coleopterans cryIV = Lepidopterans Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a use of genetic modification in crops?

Enhancing the flavor of fruits Signup and view all the answers

Genetic modification can lead to early exhaustion of the soil's fertility.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one crop that has been genetically modified to express the Bt toxin.

Bt cotton Signup and view all the answers

What condition did the first clinical gene therapy target in 1990?

Adenosine deaminase deficiency Signup and view all the answers

Gene therapy can correct genetic defects by removing defective genes from cells.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the use of engineered lymphocytes in gene therapy?

Gene-modified lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

The enzyme adenosine deaminase is crucial for the __________ system to function.

immune Signup and view all the answers

Match the following diagnostic techniques with their purpose:

PCR = Amplifying DNA for detection ELISA = Detecting specific proteins Recombinant DNA = Inserting DNA into organisms Polymerase Chain Reaction = Sensitivity in detecting pathogens Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of enzyme replacement therapy for ADA deficiency?

It requires regular injections. Signup and view all the answers

Early diagnosis of diseases can be effectively achieved using conventional methods like serum analysis.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a critical research area of biotechnology?

Developing alternative fuels Signup and view all the answers

What is one method used in gene therapy to introduce a functional gene into lymphocytes?

Retroviral vector Signup and view all the answers

Organic agriculture is one of the options for increasing food production.

True Signup and view all the answers

What technique allows the regeneration of whole plants from plant parts under sterile conditions?

tissue culture Signup and view all the answers

The ability of a plant cell to regenerate into a whole plant is known as ______.

totipotency Signup and view all the answers

What was a major factor in the success of the Green Revolution?

Introduction of agrochemicals and improved crop varieties Signup and view all the answers

Agrochemicals are always affordable and accessible for farmers in developing countries.

False Signup and view all the answers

The mass production of biopharmaceuticals is primarily achieved using ______ organisms.

genetically modified Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following technologies is used to detect very low concentrations of DNA?

PCR Signup and view all the answers

Transgenic animals are solely produced from mice.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is one primary purpose of using ELISA?

To detect the presence of antigens or antibodies against pathogens. Signup and view all the answers

Transgenic animals can serve as models for studying __________ diseases.

human Signup and view all the answers

Match the following techniques with their applications:

PCR = Detecting low amounts of DNA ELISA = Detecting antibodies or antigens Transgenic Animals = Modeling human diseases Autoradiography = Visualizing hybridized DNA Signup and view all the answers

What is an important application of PCR in medicine?

Detecting HIV in AIDS patients Signup and view all the answers

Transgenic animals are only produced to enhance agricultural productivity.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary benefit of using transgenic animals in biomedical research?

They allow the study of gene function and disease models. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason that crystals of Bt toxin do not kill the bacteria that produce them?

Bacteria are resistant to the toxin Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to the unauthorized use of bio-resources by companies?

Biopiracy Signup and view all the answers

Gene therapy aims to correct defective genes within a person's cells.

True Signup and view all the answers

What are Cry proteins and which organism produces them?

Cry proteins are insecticidal proteins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Signup and view all the answers

Basmati rice is exclusively grown in several countries worldwide.

False Signup and view all the answers

The process of micropropagation allows for the production of _____ plants.

virus-free Signup and view all the answers

What is the main concern regarding companies getting patents for products derived from rice?

Patents infringe on the rights of farmers and indigenous people who have developed and used these resources. Signup and view all the answers

The American company obtained patent rights on Basmati rice in ______.

1997 Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Transgenic bacteria = Bacteria that have been genetically modified to contain genes from other species Gene therapy = A technique that aims to treat genetic disorders by introducing healthy genes Micropropagation = A method of plant reproduction using tissue culture Cry proteins = Insecticidal proteins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Biopiracy = Unauthorized use of biological resources Traditional Knowledge = Cultural understanding of local bio-resources Patent = Official right to exclude others from using an invention Biodiversity = Variety of life in a particular habitat or ecosystem Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about traditional knowledge and bio-resources is true?

Traditional knowledge can assist in time and cost savings during commercialization. Signup and view all the answers

Rice has around 200,000 varieties in India.

True Signup and view all the answers

Name one traditional herbal medicine mentioned that has faced patent applications.

Turmeric or Neem Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of creating transgenic mice for vaccine safety testing?

To test the safety of vaccines before human use Signup and view all the answers

The transgenic cow named Rosie produced human protein-enriched milk that was beneficial for human babies.

True Signup and view all the answers

Name one disease for which transgenic models have been developed.

Cancer Signup and view all the answers

Match the following biological products with their functions:

α-1-antitrypsin = Used to treat emphysema Human alpha-lactalbumin = Nutritional milk for infants Transgenic mice = Test vaccine safety Transgenic animals = Sensitive for toxicity testing Signup and view all the answers

Which organization was established by the Indian Government to evaluate genetic modification research?

GEAC Signup and view all the answers

Ethical standards are unnecessary in the manipulation of living organisms.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential risk of introducing genetically modified organisms into the ecosystem?

Unpredictable results Signup and view all the answers

What is one benefit of genetic modification in crops?

Enhanced nutritional value of food Signup and view all the answers

Bt toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis is effective against a wide range of insects without modification.

False Signup and view all the answers

What type of protein does the Bt toxin form during a specific growth phase of Bacillus thuringiensis?

Protein crystals Signup and view all the answers

The gene cryIAc codes for a specific _____ that targets cotton bollworms.

toxin Signup and view all the answers

Match the following crops with their associated Bt toxin:

Cotton = cryIAc Corn = cryIAb Potato = cryIIAb Tomato = cryIAc Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a result of genetic modification in terms of soil health?

Increased efficiency of mineral usage Signup and view all the answers

The Bt toxin is activated in the gut of insects by alkaline pH.

True Signup and view all the answers

Name one crop that has been genetically modified to produce Bt toxin.

Bt corn Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of gene therapy?

To correct a gene defect. Signup and view all the answers

The enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA) is not crucial for the immune system.

False Signup and view all the answers

What was the first condition treated by clinical gene therapy in 1990?

Adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency Signup and view all the answers

Gene therapy involves introducing a _____ gene to compensate for a non-functional gene.

normal Signup and view all the answers

Match the following therapies with their descriptions:

Bone Marrow Transplantation = A procedure to replace defective cells from the body Enzyme Replacement Therapy = Providing functional enzymes via injection Gene Therapy = Inserting normal genes into cells to treat a genetic defect Lymphocyte Culture = Growing patient blood cells for treatment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following techniques helps in early diagnosis of diseases?

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Signup and view all the answers

Gene therapy can provide a permanent cure if performed at early embryonic stages.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is one disadvantage of bone marrow transplantation and enzyme replacement therapy?

They are not completely curative. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant challenge when producing insulin using recombinant DNA techniques?

Assembling insulin into a mature form Signup and view all the answers

Insulin extracted from animal sources has no risk of allergic reactions in patients.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are the two polypeptide chains that make up insulin?

Chain A and Chain B Signup and view all the answers

Insulin consists of two short polypeptide chains: chain A and chain B, linked by __________.

disulphide bridges Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions related to insulin production:

Pro-insulin = The inactive precursor of insulin E. coli = The bacterium used for insulin production C peptide = The extra stretch removed during maturation Recombinant DNA = Techniques used to produce human insulin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the oral administration of insulin is correct?

Insulin is ineffective when taken orally due to degradation in the stomach. Signup and view all the answers

The C peptide is present in the mature form of insulin.

False Signup and view all the answers

What innovation in 1983 significantly changed insulin production?

The introduction of DNA sequences for chains A and B of human insulin into E. coli. Signup and view all the answers

What is biopiracy?

The unauthorized use of bio-resources without compensation Signup and view all the answers

Basmati rice has been grown in India for only a few decades.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one of the unique characteristics of Basmati rice.

Unique aroma and flavor Signup and view all the answers

In 1997, an American company received patent rights on __________ rice.

Basmati Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following resources are primarily found in developing and underdeveloped countries?

Biodiversity and traditional knowledge Signup and view all the answers

The patenting of traditional herbal medicines has not been a contentious issue.

False Signup and view all the answers

What action should be taken to counter potential patent applications on traditional resources?

Be vigilant and counter the applications immediately Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary benefits of using genetically modified crops?

They can increase crop yields. Signup and view all the answers

Transgenic animals are primarily created for agricultural purposes only.

False Signup and view all the answers

What does gene therapy aim to treat?

Hereditary diseases Signup and view all the answers

Recombinant DNA technology enables the creation of __________ organisms.

Genetically Modified Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant advantage of recombinant therapeutics?

They are identical to human proteins. Signup and view all the answers

Gene targeting in gene therapy involves amplifying defective genes.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one application of biotechnology in healthcare.

Mass production of therapeutics Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe plants that are genetically identical to the original plant they were grown from?

Somaclones Signup and view all the answers

Meristem tissue is typically free from viruses, allowing for the recovery of healthy plants from diseased ones.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called where isolated protoplasts from different plant varieties are fused to create hybrid plants?

Somatic hybridisation Signup and view all the answers

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) have been beneficial in improving crop __________.

yield Signup and view all the answers

Match the following crops with their application in tissue culture:

Banana = Cultured for disease recovery Tomato = Used for hybridisation studies Potato = Produced via micro-propagation Sugarcane = Cultured for virus-free plants Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential drawback in cultivating GM crops?

Early exhaustion of soil's fertility Signup and view all the answers

Pomato is a successful commercially utilized hybrid combining the characteristics of tomato and potato.

False Signup and view all the answers

The application of micro-propagation allows for the rapid __________ of a large number of plants.

propagation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method by which RNA interference (RNAi) silences specific mRNA?

Formation of complementary dsRNA Signup and view all the answers

Transgenic plants can survive nematode infestations due to the action of RNA interference.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the genetically engineered insulin used in the management of diabetes?

recombinant insulin Signup and view all the answers

The method used to introduce nematode-specific genes into host plants is through ______ vectors.

Agrobacterium Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of RNA with their roles in RNA interference:

dsRNA = Triggers the silencing of mRNA mRNA = The target of silencing siRNA = Induces RNA interference RISC = Complex that carries out mRNA degradation Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential impact of recombinant therapeutics in healthcare?

Mass production of more effective drugs Signup and view all the answers

About 30 recombinant therapeutics have been approved for human use globally.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of introducing a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) specific to nematodes in host plants?

Silencing of nematode-specific mRNA Signup and view all the answers

What issue is associated with the patenting of Basmati rice?

It restricts other sellers of Basmati rice. Signup and view all the answers

Biopiracy refers to the proper use of bio-resources with authorization and compensatory payment.

False Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to refer to the use of bio-resources by multinational companies without authorization?

Biopiracy Signup and view all the answers

In India, there are an estimated _____ varieties of rice.

200,000 Signup and view all the answers

Match the following biological resources with their examples:

Rice = Basmati Herbal Medicine = Turmeric Tree = Neem Cereal = Wheat Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the reasons industrialized nations are poor in biodiversity?

They have fewer natural habitats. Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinct characteristic of Basmati rice?

Unique aroma and flavour Signup and view all the answers

The first clinical gene therapy was provided to a child with cystic fibrosis.

False Signup and view all the answers

Traditional knowledge related to bio-resources can only be used for historical research and cannot be commercialized.

False Signup and view all the answers

What technique involves the introduction of a functional gene into lymphocytes in gene therapy?

Retroviral vector Signup and view all the answers

Gene therapy can be considered a method for correcting ______________ defects.

genetic Signup and view all the answers

Match the following methods with their purpose in treatment.

Bone marrow transplantation = Cures ADA deficiency in select patients Enzyme replacement therapy = Provides functional ADA via injection Gene therapy = Aims to correct gene defects permanently PCR = Detects very low amounts of DNA Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods serves the purpose of early diagnosis of diseases?

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Signup and view all the answers

Lymphocytes infused into patients after gene therapy are immortal cells.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a retroviral vector in gene therapy?

It introduces functional genes into a patient's cells. Signup and view all the answers

What was the main challenge in producing insulin using recombinant DNA techniques?

Assembling insulin into its mature form Signup and view all the answers

Insulin from animal sources does not elicit any immune response in humans.

False Signup and view all the answers

Insulin is synthesized in mammals as a pro-hormone that contains an extra stretch called the ______ peptide.

C Signup and view all the answers

Which bacterium was used to produce human insulin in 1983?

E. coli Signup and view all the answers

Insulin can be effectively administered orally to diabetic patients without any issues.

False Signup and view all the answers

What method is primarily used to detect very low concentrations of pathogens?

PCR Signup and view all the answers

Transgenic animals are primarily produced from a variety of species with mice being the least common.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the principle behind ELISA?

Antigen-antibody interaction Signup and view all the answers

Transgenic animals are used as models for studying __________ diseases.

human Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a radioactive probe in the detection of genetic mutations?

It hybridizes to complementary DNA. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of transgenic animals with their primary research purposes:

Transgenic mice = Modeling of human diseases Transgenic pigs = Organs for xenotransplantation Transgenic fish = Research on growth factors Transgenic cows = Production of human proteins Signup and view all the answers

PCR can only be used to amplify DNA and not RNA.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is one key application of PCR in medical diagnostics?

Detection of HIV Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the Indian Patents Bill amendment regarding bio-resources?

To prevent unauthorized exploitation of bio-resources Signup and view all the answers

Gene therapy can replace a defective mutant allele with a functional one.

True Signup and view all the answers

Name a technique utilized for manipulating plants in vitro to produce new varieties.

Tissue culture Signup and view all the answers

Recombinant DNA technology has enabled the mass production of safe and effective __________.

therapeutics Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of biotechnology with their focuses:

Biotechnology = Use of living systems or organisms to develop products Gene therapy = Treatment of hereditary diseases by correcting defective genes Transgenic animals = Studying gene functions through model organisms GM crops = Enhancing crop yields and stress tolerance Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes genetically modified crops?

Crops created using recombinant DNA technology Signup and view all the answers

Transgenic animals are exclusively used for agricultural purposes.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of using recombinant therapeutics over non-human sourced products?

They are free from the risk of infection and unwanted immunological responses. Signup and view all the answers

What does PCR stand for in the context of detecting pathogens?

Polymerase Chain Reaction Signup and view all the answers

What is one primary purpose of using ELISA in detecting infections?

To detect the presence of antigens or antibodies related to the pathogen. Signup and view all the answers

What is one possible source of insulin when human insulin is not available?

Insulin derived from bacteria Signup and view all the answers

Transgenic animals can be specifically designed to study how genes affect the normal functions of the body including _______.

development Signup and view all the answers

Insulin extracted from animal sources is always safe and does not cause allergic reactions.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are the two polypeptide chains that compose human insulin?

Chain A and Chain B Signup and view all the answers

What is the main benefit of producing transgenic animals?

Studying human diseases Signup and view all the answers

Bacteria can be engineered using __________ techniques to produce human insulin.

recombinant DNA Signup and view all the answers

PCR can only detect pathogens when symptoms of the disease are visible.

False Signup and view all the answers

What type of biological material is typically used as a probe in PCR?

Single-stranded DNA or RNA Signup and view all the answers

Which year was a significant breakthrough in the production of insulin using recombinant DNA technology?

1983 Signup and view all the answers

Gene therapy aims to remove defective genes from an individual's cells to treat hereditary diseases.

True Signup and view all the answers

Why can't insulin be effectively administered orally to diabetic patients?

It gets digested in the gastrointestinal tract. Signup and view all the answers

What process is used to silence specific mRNA in plants to prevent nematode infestation?

RNA interference (RNAi) Signup and view all the answers

Transgenic plants can survive nematode infestations by expressing specific interfering RNA.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of recombinant therapeutics compared to similar products from non-human sources?

They do not induce unwanted immunological responses. Signup and view all the answers

Meloidegyne incognitia is a type of ______ that infects tobacco plant roots.

nematode Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a significant outcome of the introduction of dsRNA in host plants?

Protection from nematode infestation Signup and view all the answers

About 30 recombinant therapeutics have been approved for human use worldwide.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Agrobacterium in the process of creating pest-resistant plants?

Agrobacterium vectors introduce nematode-specific genes into host plants. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the benefits of genetically modified crops?

Increased crop yields Signup and view all the answers

Recombinant DNA technology is used exclusively for agricultural purposes.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is gene therapy primarily designed to do?

Treat hereditary diseases by inserting functional genes. Signup and view all the answers

Transgenic ______________ are organisms that have been genetically modified to contain a gene from another species.

organisms Signup and view all the answers

Match the following biotechnological applications with their benefits:

GM Crops = Increased resilience against pests Recombinant Insulin = Safe production identical to human insulin Gene Therapy = Correction of genetic defects Transgenic Animals = Models for human disease research Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about gene targeting is correct?

It replaces defective alleles with functional ones. Signup and view all the answers

Genetically modified organisms can cause allergic reactions due to their similar structure to natural products.

False Signup and view all the answers

The Indian Government introduced the Indian Patents Bill to address issues related to ________ and benefit sharing.

injustice Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the action of Bt toxin produced by some bacteria?

It is inactive until ingested by the target pest. Signup and view all the answers

Gene therapy can correct genetic defects by adding functional genes to a patient's cells.

True Signup and view all the answers

The process of removing defective genes from an individual's cells is known as __________.

gene therapy Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components with their roles in plant propagation:

Agar = Provides a solid medium for plant cells Growth hormones = Stimulates cell division Nutrients = Supply necessary elements for growth pH adjusters = Maintain optimal acidity levels Signup and view all the answers

Transgenic mice are currently being used to test the safety of the polio vaccine.

True Signup and view all the answers

What human protein is produced by transgenic animals to treat emphysema?

α-1-antitrypsin Signup and view all the answers

Transgenic animals are made more sensitive to ______ substances for toxicity testing.

toxic Signup and view all the answers

Match the following human diseases with their corresponding transgenic model applications:

Cancer = Transgenic models exist for studying Cystic Fibrosis = Treatment research using transgenic animals Rheumatoid Arthritis = Research on disease progression Alzheimer's = Understanding of neurodegeneration Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Genetic Engineering Approval Committee (GEAC) in India?

To regulate genetic modification research Signup and view all the answers

Genetic modifications of organisms always have predictable results.

False Signup and view all the answers

What ethical concern is associated with the manipulation of living organisms?

Unpredictable ecological impact Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary aim of the first clinical gene therapy conducted in 1990?

To treat adenosine deaminase deficiency Signup and view all the answers

Gene therapy can permanently cure all genetic diseases.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the technique used to introduce a functional gene into a patient's lymphocytes for treating ADA deficiency?

Retroviral vector Signup and view all the answers

Using __________, the diagnosis of a disease can occur much earlier than with conventional methods.

recombinant DNA technology Signup and view all the answers

Match the following treatments with their relevant diseases:

Bone marrow transplantation = Adenosine deaminase deficiency Enzyme replacement therapy = Adenosine deaminase deficiency Recombinant DNA technology = Various genetic diseases PCR = Pathogen detection Signup and view all the answers

Which method is NOT mentioned as a treatment for ADA deficiency?

Surgery Signup and view all the answers

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) can be used for early disease diagnosis.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason bone marrow transplantation is considered a treatment method for ADA deficiency?

It can provide functional ADA-producing cells. Signup and view all the answers

Indian Basmati rice is known for its unique aroma and flavor.

True Signup and view all the answers

What year did an American company obtain patent rights on Basmati rice?

1997 Signup and view all the answers

The diversity of rice in India is considered one of the richest in the world, with an estimated _______ varieties.

200,000 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of the patenting of bio-resources?

Increased biodiversity Signup and view all the answers

Developing countries are typically poorer in biodiversity compared to industrialized nations.

False Signup and view all the answers

What impact can patent applications have on traditional herbal medicines?

They can restrict the use of traditional practices and knowledge. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Cry proteins produced by certain bacteria?

Act as a pesticide against specific insects Signup and view all the answers

Transgenic bacteria are capable of carrying and expressing genes from another organism.

True Signup and view all the answers

Name one ethical concern raised by the manipulation of microbes, plants, and animals.

Potential loss of biodiversity or unintended consequences on ecosystems. Signup and view all the answers

The major advantage of producing plants by micropropagation is __________.

the rapid production of large numbers of clones. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following biotechnological processes with their definitions:

Gene therapy = A technique to correct genetic defects Micropropagation = Culturing plant cells in vitro to produce clones Transgenic plants = Plants that contain genes from other species CRISPR = A method for gene editing Signup and view all the answers

What does raising transgenic animals offer in terms of vaccine safety testing?

Providing a more controlled environment for testing Signup and view all the answers

Transgenic cows can be engineered to produce milk that is nutritionally superior to cow milk.

True Signup and view all the answers

What protein used to treat emphysema is produced by transgenic animals?

α-1-antitrypsin Signup and view all the answers

Transgenic models exist for various human diseases, including cancer, cystic fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ______.

Alzheimer's Signup and view all the answers

Match the following transgenic animal applications with their purposes:

Testing vaccine safety = Polio vaccine Producing medical proteins = α-1-antitrypsin Chemical safety testing = Toxicity sensitivity Nutritionally enhanced milk = Human babies Signup and view all the answers

Which organization is responsible for regulating genetic modification research in India?

Genetic Engineering Approval Committee (GEAC) Signup and view all the answers

Transgenic animals are created solely through natural breeding methods.

False Signup and view all the answers

What significant ethical issue arises from the manipulation of living organisms?

Unpredictable results in ecosystems Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary reason traditional breeding techniques struggled to keep up with food demand?

Slow rate of traditional breeding Signup and view all the answers

Genetically modified crops are exclusively produced using organic agriculture methods.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the technique developed in the 1950s that allows whole plants to be regenerated from plant parts?

tissue culture Signup and view all the answers

The ability of a plant cell to generate a whole plant from any part is known as __________.

totipotency Signup and view all the answers

Match the following agricultural methods with their descriptions:

Agro-chemical based agriculture = Uses fertilizers and pesticides for improved yields Organic agriculture = Focuses on natural farming methods without synthetic inputs Genetically engineered crop-based agriculture = Utilizes genetically modified organisms to enhance crop traits Signup and view all the answers

Which area of biotechnology focuses on improving organisms for catalysis?

Providing the best catalyst Signup and view all the answers

The Green Revolution completely addressed the issue of food scarcity worldwide.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the micro-propagation process?

Providing a correct nutrient medium Signup and view all the answers

Name one critical area of biotechnology related to processing and purification.

Downstream processing technologies Signup and view all the answers

Micro-propagation can result in plants that are genetically different from the original plant.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe plants created through the fusion of protoplasts from two different varieties?

somatic hybrids Signup and view all the answers

The process of creating genetically modified organisms is often abbreviated as ______.

GMO Signup and view all the answers

Match the following applications of tissue culture with their descriptions:

Micro-propagation = Mass production of identical plants Cryopreservation = Long-term storage of plant cells Somatic hybridization = Fusion of protoplasts to create hybrids Meristem culture = Recovery of virus-free plants Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following plants has NOT been mentioned as successfully produced through tissue culture?

Carrot Signup and view all the answers

Meristematic tissue is typically infected by viruses.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one method through which farmers can achieve maximum yield while minimizing environmental impact.

genetically modified crops Signup and view all the answers

What effect does genetic modification have on crops in relation to abiotic stresses?

Makes crops more tolerant Signup and view all the answers

The Bt toxin produced by Bacillus thuringiensis can kill insects without affecting the bacteria itself.

True Signup and view all the answers

Genetic modification has increased the __________ value of food, such as golden rice enriched with Vitamin A.

nutritional Signup and view all the answers

Which gene is specifically identified for providing resistance to cotton bollworms?

cryIAc Signup and view all the answers

Genetic modification reduces the efficiency of mineral usage by plants.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of incorporating the Bt toxin gene into crops?

To provide resistance to insects. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of PCR in medical diagnostics?

To amplify DNA sequences Signup and view all the answers

Transgenic animals are primarily created to improve agricultural productivity.

False Signup and view all the answers

What do the initials ELISA stand for?

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Signup and view all the answers

PCR can detect very low concentrations of ______ in the body.

pathogens Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a benefit of using transgenic animals?

Study of human diseases Signup and view all the answers

PCR can only detect viruses, not bacteria.

False Signup and view all the answers

Transgenic mice are often used as models for understanding human ______ diseases.

diseases Signup and view all the answers

What was the first condition treated by gene therapy in 1990?

Adenosine deaminase deficiency Signup and view all the answers

Gene therapy can be a complete cure when performed on embryonic cells.

True Signup and view all the answers

What does ADA stand for in the context of gene therapy?

Adenosine deaminase Signup and view all the answers

Gene therapy involves the insertion of a normal gene into a person's ______.

cells Signup and view all the answers

Match the following techniques with their purposes in diagnosis:

PCR = Detecting low amounts of DNA ELISA = Detecting pathogens through antibodies Recombinant DNA technology = Creating copies of DNA Serum analysis = Analyzing blood components for abnormalities Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment options are typically NOT considered curative for ADA deficiency?

Enzyme replacement therapy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method used to grow lymphocytes for gene therapy development?

In culture outside the body Signup and view all the answers

Early diagnosis of diseases is possible through conventional methods only.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an area of biotechnology research?

Animal cloning Signup and view all the answers

Tissue culture technology allows regeneration of a whole plant from any part of the plant.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for improved organisms in biotechnology that act as catalysts?

microbes Signup and view all the answers

The process of using genetically modified organisms in agriculture is often referred to as ______ based agriculture.

genetically engineered Signup and view all the answers

Match the following biotechnological applications with their corresponding areas:

Bioremediation = Environmental cleanup Diagnostics = Disease detection Therapeutics = Medical treatments Genetically modified crops = Enhanced agricultural yields Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the main outcomes of the Green Revolution?

Tripling of the food supply Signup and view all the answers

What product did the first transgenic cow, Rosie, produce?

Human protein-enriched milk Signup and view all the answers

The ability of a plant cell to regenerate a whole plant is called ______.

totipotency Signup and view all the answers

Genetic modification of organisms has no unpredictable results when introduced into the ecosystem.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of transgenic mice in vaccine testing?

To test the safety of vaccines before they are used on humans. Signup and view all the answers

Transgenic animals created for toxicity testing are made to be more sensitive to ______ substances.

toxic Signup and view all the answers

Which organization has been established by the Indian Government to regulate GM research?

Genetic Engineering Approval Committee Signup and view all the answers

Transgenic models for human diseases completely eliminate the necessity for animal testing.

False Signup and view all the answers

The human protein used to treat emphysema is called ______.

α-1-antitrypsin Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of recombinant DNA technology?

To engineer organisms with novel capabilities Signup and view all the answers

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) can be created using only natural methods.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is gene therapy primarily used to treat?

Hereditary diseases Signup and view all the answers

___ is a genetically modified plant known for increased nutritional value, often called 'golden rice'.

Golden rice Signup and view all the answers

Match the following biotechnological applications with their primary benefits:

GM crops = Increased pest resistance Recombinant insulin = Identical to human insulin Transgenic animals = Models for human diseases Gene therapy = Correcting genetic defects Signup and view all the answers

What role do transgenic animals play in biotechnology?

They produce therapeutic proteins for pharmaceutical use. Signup and view all the answers

Recombinant therapeutics are identical to human proteins and are safe for human use.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the implications of the Indian Patents Bill amendments regarding bio-resources?

Protecting traditional knowledge and preventing unauthorized exploitation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when hybrid protoplasts are formed from cells of different plant varieties?

Somatic hybridization Signup and view all the answers

Micro-propagation results in genetically diverse plants.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the main benefit of using meristem to recover plants?

To obtain virus-free plants Signup and view all the answers

Plants that have been genetically altered through methods like genetic modification are known as ______.

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) Signup and view all the answers

Match the following food plants with their method of mass propagation:

Tomato = Micro-propagation Banana = Meristem culturing Apple = Tissue culture Potato = Somatic hybridization Signup and view all the answers

Which growth regulators are mentioned as important for nutrient medium in tissue culture?

Auxins and cytokinins Signup and view all the answers

Pomato, a hybrid of tomato and potato, successfully combines all desirable characteristics.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one application of genetically modified crops.

Increased yield or pest resistance Signup and view all the answers

What is a benefit of using Bt toxin in genetically modified crops?

Enhanced resistance to pests without insecticides Signup and view all the answers

The toxin produced by Bacillus thuringiensis is active before ingestion by insects.

False Signup and view all the answers

What does the cryIAc gene code for?

A toxin that provides resistance to cotton bollworms. Signup and view all the answers

Genetic modification has helped develop pest-resistant crops, which reduce reliance on ______.

chemical pesticides Signup and view all the answers

Match the following crops with the pests they are engineered to resist:

Bt cotton = Cotton bollworms Bt corn = Corn borer Bt rice = Golden apple snail Bt soybean = Soybean loopers Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of genetic modification in agriculture?

Increased fertilizer needs Signup and view all the answers

The proteins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis are toxic to all insect types.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary products of genetically modified plants developed using Bt toxin?

Bio-pesticides. Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the medium is essential for the propagation of an explant in vitro?

Plant hormones Signup and view all the answers

Transgenic organisms can only be created using bacteria as vectors.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is gene therapy?

A technique that modifies a person's genes to treat or prevent disease. Signup and view all the answers

The proteins produced by the bacterium, ________, are used to protect plants from pests.

Bacillus thuringiensis Signup and view all the answers

Developed nations are typically rich in biodiversity and traditional knowledge.

False Signup and view all the answers

What unique characteristics make Basmati rice distinct?

Its unique aroma and flavor. Signup and view all the answers

The American company received patent rights on Basmati rice in _____ through the US Patent and Trademark Office.

1997 Signup and view all the answers

Match the traditional herbal medicine with its known use:

Turmeric = Anti-inflammatory properties Neem = Antimicrobial properties Brahmi = Cognitive enhancement Ginger = Digestive aid Signup and view all the answers

What could happen if patent applications related to bio-resources are not properly countered?

Other countries or individuals could exploit rich legacies without consequence. Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributes to the rich diversity of rice in India?

The presence of an estimated 200,000 varieties of rice. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the complementary dsRNA molecule in the RNA interference process?

It binds to and prevents the translation of specific mRNA. Signup and view all the answers

A patent can restrict others from selling Basmati rice even if they are selling genetically similar varieties.

True Signup and view all the answers

Transgenic plants expressing specific interfering RNA can survive nematode infestations.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of RNA interference in plants?

To silence specific mRNA and protect against pests or diseases. Signup and view all the answers

The introduction of __________ genes into plants can help them resist nematode infestations.

nematode-specific Signup and view all the answers

Match the following applications of recombinant DNA technology with their benefits:

Recombinant insulin = Effective management of diabetes Recombinant therapeutics = Reduced immunological responses Transgenic plants = Pest resistance Gene therapy = Correction of genetic defects Signup and view all the answers

Which organism is commonly used as a vector in the introduction of DNA into host plants?

Agrobacterium Signup and view all the answers

Currently, there are 12 recombinant therapeutics approved in India for human use.

True Signup and view all the answers

Name one method of cellular defense that occurs in eukaryotic organisms.

RNA interference (RNAi) Signup and view all the answers

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) are created exclusively through traditional breeding methods.

False Signup and view all the answers

What type of animals are used as models to study human diseases like cancer and Alzheimer’s?

Transgenic animals Signup and view all the answers

The introduction of __________ is aimed at addressing the inadequate compensation and benefit sharing between countries regarding bio-resources.

laws Signup and view all the answers

Match the following biotechnology applications with their corresponding uses:

Gene therapy = Replacing defective genes to treat hereditary diseases Recombinant insulin = Mass production of insulin identical to human form Transgenic crops = Increasing crop yield and pest resistance Tissue culture = Regeneration of plants from single cell cultures Signup and view all the answers

What has recombinant DNA technology achieved in healthcare?

It enables the mass production of therapeutics identical to human proteins. Signup and view all the answers

GM crops have contributed to a reduction in reliance on chemical pesticides.

True Signup and view all the answers

What significant impact does gene targeting have in gene therapy?

It involves gene amplification or replacing a defective allele. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of RNA interference (RNAi) in plants?

To silence specific mRNA and prevent translation Signup and view all the answers

Recombinant therapeutics sourced from non-human origins often cause unwanted immunological responses.

True Signup and view all the answers

What type of RNA is introduced into host plants to trigger RNA interference against nematodes?

double stranded RNA (dsRNA) Signup and view all the answers

A nematode called __________ infects the roots of tobacco plants.

Meloidegyne incognitia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a benefit of transgenic plants that express interfering RNA?

Resistance against target pest infestations Signup and view all the answers

All recombinant therapeutics approved for human use are derived from human sources.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of producing recombinant DNA therapeutics?

To create safe and effective drugs that do not induce unwanted immune responses. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of gene therapy?

To correct a gene defect Signup and view all the answers

Gene therapy can be a permanent cure if a functional gene is introduced at the early embryonic stages.

True Signup and view all the answers

What disorder was the first clinical gene therapy aimed at treating in 1990?

Adenosine deaminase deficiency Signup and view all the answers

The first clinical gene therapy was administered to a ____ year old girl.

4 Signup and view all the answers

Match the following treatments with their descriptions:

Bone Marrow Transplantation = A procedure to replace the faulty immune component Enzyme Replacement Therapy = Injection of functional ADA to manage symptoms Gene Therapy = Insertion of a normal gene to correct a defect Lymphocyte Infusion = Reintroduction of genetically modified immune cells Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is NOT commonly associated with early diagnosis of diseases?

Molecular Cloning Signup and view all the answers

The presence of a pathogen is often detected before any symptoms appear.

False Signup and view all the answers

What was the first transgenic animal to produce human protein-enriched milk?

Rosie the cow Signup and view all the answers

Name one technique that aids in early diagnosis of diseases.

PCR, ELISA, or recombinant DNA technology Signup and view all the answers

Transgenic mice are being developed for testing the safety of vaccines.

True Signup and view all the answers

Match the following human diseases with their related transgenic models:

Cancer = Transgenic mice Cystic Fibrosis = Transgenic goats Rheumatoid Arthritis = Transgenic rats Alzheimer's = Transgenic mice Signup and view all the answers

Which organization has been set up by the Indian Government to regulate GM research?

GEAC Signup and view all the answers

The introduction of transgenic models for human diseases has completely eliminated the need for animal testing.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which human protein was produced by the first-ever transgenic cow?

human alpha-lactalbumin Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the unauthorized use of bio-resources by companies without compensatory payment?

Biopiracy Signup and view all the answers

The patent on Basmati rice was granted to an Indian company.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one element that makes Indian rice varieties distinct.

Unique aroma and flavour of Basmati rice Signup and view all the answers

Traditional knowledge related to bio-resources is often exploited to develop __________ applications.

modern Signup and view all the answers

Match the following rice varieties with their description:

Basmati = Known for its unique aroma and flavor Indica = Widely grown in tropical regions Japonica = Short grain rice with a sticky texture Arborio = Used in risotto and other Italian dishes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following issues has been raised regarding patents granted on traditional crops?

Patentability of traditional knowledge Signup and view all the answers

India has a rich biodiversity that includes approximately 200,000 varieties of rice.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the major concerns with patenting traditional herbal medicines, such as turmeric?

Loss of rights for traditional practitioners Signup and view all the answers

What potential issue arose from using insulin extracted from animals?

It could cause allergic reactions Signup and view all the answers

Human insulin can be orally administered without any complications.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason that crystals of Bt toxin do not kill the bacteria that produce them?

The bacteria are resistant to the toxin Signup and view all the answers

What were chains A and B in the context of insulin?

The two short polypeptide chains that make up insulin. Signup and view all the answers

Gene therapy aims to address genetic disorders by introducing healthy genes into a patient's cells.

True Signup and view all the answers

What are Cry proteins?

Cry proteins are insecticidal proteins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis. Signup and view all the answers

Insulin is synthesized as a pro-hormone which contains an extra stretch called the ______.

C peptide Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components in insulin production with their descriptions:

E. coli = A bacterium used to produce insulin chains Disulfide bonds = Link that connects A and B chains Pro-hormone = The initial precursor form of insulin Insulin = The final functional hormone produced Signup and view all the answers

The process of cloning a gene for growth hormone into a bacteria involves inserting the gene into a _______ vector.

plasmid Signup and view all the answers

What was the main challenge in producing insulin using rDNA techniques?

Getting insulin assembled into a mature form Signup and view all the answers

Gene therapy aims to correct hereditary diseases.

True Signup and view all the answers

In 1983, Eli Lilly introduced DNA sequences for the A and B chains of human insulin into ______ to produce insulin.

plasmids of E. coli Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when protoplasts from two different plant varieties are fused to create new hybrid plants?

Somatic hybridisation Signup and view all the answers

Plants produced through micro-propagation are genetically identical to the original plant.

True Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of plant growth regulators mentioned in the content?

Auxins and cytokinins Signup and view all the answers

The process of recovering healthy plants from diseased plants involves removing the __________.

meristem Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of genetically modified organisms (GMOs)?

They are created through gene manipulation. Signup and view all the answers

Pomato is a successful hybrid plant with desirable characteristics for commercial utilization.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are the naked protoplasts obtained after digesting the cell walls of plant cells surrounded by?

Plasma membranes Signup and view all the answers

What technology is primarily used to detect very low amounts of DNA?

PCR Signup and view all the answers

Transgenic animals can only be produced from bacterial genes.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using PCR in detecting pathogens?

To amplify the nucleic acid of low concentration pathogens. Signup and view all the answers

Transgenic animals are often used to study ______ diseases.

human Signup and view all the answers

Match the following techniques with their primary purposes:

PCR = Amplifying DNA for detection ELISA = Detecting antigens and antibodies Autoradiography = Visualizing hybridized DNA Transgenic technology = Modifying organisms to study gene function Signup and view all the answers

What type of probe is used in the PCR method to detect low concentrations of pathogens?

Radioactive probe Signup and view all the answers

ELISA detects the presence of pathogens by identifying the human body's response.

True Signup and view all the answers

What was significant about the transgenic cow named Rosie?

She produced human protein-enriched milk. Signup and view all the answers

Transgenic mice are being developed solely for testing the toxicity of chemicals.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of introducing specific DNA segments into transgenic animals?

To produce useful biological products. Signup and view all the answers

Transgenic animals are especially designed to be more sensitive to ______ substances for safety testing.

toxic Signup and view all the answers

Match the following human diseases with their related transgenic applications:

Cystic Fibrosis = Biological product development Cancer = Disease modeling Alzheimer's = Understanding gene function Rheumatoid arthritis = Therapeutic research Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a concern regarding genetic modification of organisms?

Improved crop yield Signup and view all the answers

The Indian Government's Genetic Engineering Approval Committee aims to promote unrestricted GM research.

False Signup and view all the answers

What type of testing can transgenic mice replace in vaccine safety evaluation?

Monkey testing Signup and view all the answers

There are more than 200,000 varieties of rice in India.

True Signup and view all the answers

What company received patent rights on Basmati rice in 1997?

An American company Signup and view all the answers

The distinct aroma of Basmati rice is due to its unique __________.

flavor Signup and view all the answers

Which problem is associated with patents on genetic materials?

Patents restrict farmers and indigenous people from using their resources Signup and view all the answers

The patent for Basmati rice was claimed as a new invention despite being derived from Indian farmers' varieties.

True Signup and view all the answers

Name one traditional herbal medicine mentioned that is sought for patenting.

Turmeric Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant benefit of genetic modification in crops?

Enhanced nutritional value of food Signup and view all the answers

Bt toxin is produced in its active form by Bacillus thuringiensis.

False Signup and view all the answers

What type of toxins are produced by B. thuringiensis that help protect crops?

Bt toxins Signup and view all the answers

The protein crystals in Bacillus thuringiensis dissolve in the insect's gut due to its ______ pH.

alkaline Signup and view all the answers

What does genetic modification of crops like Bt corn aim to achieve?

Create pest-resistant traits Signup and view all the answers

Genetic modification can help reduce post-harvest losses.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is one benefit of using genetically modified (GM) crops?

Higher crop yields Signup and view all the answers

Recombinant DNA technology allows humans to produce therapeutics that can cause unwanted immunological responses.

False Signup and view all the answers

What process is used to insert genes into an individual's cells for the treatment of diseases?

Gene therapy Signup and view all the answers

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) are often created using _______ technology.

recombinant DNA Signup and view all the answers

Match the following therapeutic uses with their relevant aspect of biotechnology:

Human insulin = Mass production using bacteria Transgenic animals = Models for human diseases Gene therapy = Replacement of defective alleles Recombinant therapeutics = Safety and effectiveness in healing Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a consequence of developing laws to regulate bio-resources and traditional knowledge?

Increased compensation for developing countries Signup and view all the answers

Transgenic plants can improve the nutritional value of foods while reducing the reliance on chemical pesticides.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of gene targeting in gene therapy?

To amplify specific genes or replace defective alleles Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a benefit of genetic modification in crops?

Enhanced nutritional value of food Signup and view all the answers

Bt toxin produced by Bacillus thuringiensis is in an active form before being ingested by insects.

False Signup and view all the answers

The Green Revolution was able to completely eliminate hunger around the world.

False Signup and view all the answers

What capacity allows a plant cell to regenerate a whole plant from any part?

totipotency Signup and view all the answers

What bacterium is responsible for producing the Bt toxin used in genetically modified crops?

Bacillus thuringiensis Signup and view all the answers

The process of growing whole plants from explants in a sterile environment is known as __________.

tissue culture Signup and view all the answers

Genetic modification has made crops more tolerant to __________ stresses.

abiotic Signup and view all the answers

Match the biotechnological applications with their correct descriptions:

Therapeutics = Treatment of diseases using biopharmaceuticals Diagnostics = Identifying diseases through biological tests Bioremediation = Using organisms to remove pollutants Genetically modified crops = Crops engineered for better yield and resistance Signup and view all the answers

Which of these crops has been genetically modified to express the Bt toxin?

Rice Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following agricultural practices relies the least on external inputs like agrochemicals?

Organic agriculture Signup and view all the answers

Improved management practices and agrochemicals are responsible for the increased food yields observed during the Green Revolution.

True Signup and view all the answers

Genetic modification can help reduce post-harvest losses in crops.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of incorporating the cry gene from Bacillus thuringiensis into crops?

To provide resistance to insects Signup and view all the answers

Agrochemicals were criticized for being too expensive for farmers in developing __________.

countries Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is necessary for tissue culture propagation?

A carbon source and inorganic salts Signup and view all the answers

What are the plants called that are produced via somatic hybridization?

Somatic hybrids Signup and view all the answers

Plant cells that have been altered by human manipulation are known as __________.

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) Signup and view all the answers

Match the following applications of tissue culture with their purposes:

Micro-propagation = Producing large quantities of genetically identical plants Meristem culture = Recovering healthy plants from diseased ones Somatic hybridization = Creating hybrid plants with combined characteristics Protoplast fusion = Forming new plant varieties from different parental lines Signup and view all the answers

What is a hybrid plant created from tomato and potato called?

Pomato Signup and view all the answers

Genetically modified crops have no environmental benefits and only increase yields.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one food plant that has been produced on a commercial scale using tissue culture.

Banana Signup and view all the answers

Nematodes can infect both plants and animals.

True Signup and view all the answers

What technique is used to introduce nematode-specific genes into host plants?

Agrobacterium vectors Signup and view all the answers

The introduction of DNA into transgenic plants produces both sense and _______ RNA.

anti-sense Signup and view all the answers

Match the following recombinant therapeutics with their purposes:

Insulin = Management of diabetes α-1-antitrypsin = Treatment of emphysema Growth hormone = Treatment for growth deficiencies Factor VIII = Treatment for hemophilia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a benefit of using recombinant DNA technology in medicine?

It allows for mass production of therapeutic drugs Signup and view all the answers

Recombinant therapeutics often induce unwanted immunological responses compared to their non-human counterparts.

False Signup and view all the answers

About ______ recombinant therapeutics have currently been approved for human use worldwide.

30 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about animal-source insulin is NOT true?

It can effectively replace human insulin. Signup and view all the answers

Insulin produced by genetically modified bacteria can be synthesized in a form that is identical to human insulin.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the extra stretch called that is found in the pro-hormone form of insulin?

C peptide Signup and view all the answers

The insulin used to treat diabetes was previously extracted from the pancreas of _ and _.

cattle, pigs Signup and view all the answers

Match the insulin components with their descriptions:

Chain A = One of the two polypeptide chains of insulin Chain B = The second of the two polypeptide chains of insulin C peptide = A stretch removed during the maturation of insulin Pro-hormone = The initial form of insulin before processing Signup and view all the answers

Why can insulin not be effectively administered orally to diabetic patients?

Insulin is degraded by digestive enzymes in the stomach. Signup and view all the answers

Gene therapy can only correct genetic diseases by removing defective genes.

False Signup and view all the answers

In what year did Eli Lilly produce DNA sequences corresponding to human insulin chains?

1983 Signup and view all the answers

What is the main concern related to the patenting of Basmati rice?

It restricts the ability of other farmers to sell their own Basmati rice. Signup and view all the answers

The concept of biopiracy involves the proper authorization and compensatory payment for the use of bio-resources.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one traditional Indian herbal medicine that has faced patent claims.

turmeric Signup and view all the answers

Biopiracy mainly affects __________ countries, which are rich in biodiversity and traditional knowledge.

developing Signup and view all the answers

Why is the diversity of rice in India significant?

It contributes to food security and cultural heritage. Signup and view all the answers

The American company acquired patent rights on Basmati rice through the Indian Patent and Trademark Office.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of micro-propagation in tissue culture?

To generate thousands of genetically identical plants in a short period Signup and view all the answers

What type of RNA interference is used to protect plants from nematode infestation?

dsRNA Signup and view all the answers

Meristems of infected plants are typically free of viruses.

True Signup and view all the answers

Transgenic plants can express both sense and anti-sense RNA to silence specific mRNA.

True Signup and view all the answers

What are plants produced through tissue culture known as?

Somaclones Signup and view all the answers

Name one recombinant therapeutic that has been approved for human use.

Insulin Signup and view all the answers

In somatic hybridization, two isolated protoplasts are _____ to create new hybrid plants.

fused Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their corresponding descriptions:

Micro-propagation = Rapid propagation of thousands of genetically identical plants Somatic hybridization = Fusing of protoplasts to create hybrids Genetically modified organisms (GMO) = Organisms with altered genes by manipulation Meristem culture = Technique used to recover healthy plants from viruses Signup and view all the answers

The nematode Meloidegyne _______ causes significant yield reduction in tobacco plants.

incognitia Signup and view all the answers

Match the following descriptions with the corresponding biotechnology terms:

RNA interference = A method to silence specific mRNA Recombinant DNA = Technology for producing insulin Transgenic plants = Plants modified to express foreign genes Biosafety = Regulation concerning genetically modified organisms Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following crops has NOT been mentioned as being produced through micro-propagation?

Carrot Signup and view all the answers

What hybrid plant resulted from fusing the protoplasts of tomato and potato?

Pomato Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Antisense RNA in the context of RNA interference?

It is complementary to the target mRNA and induces silencing. Signup and view all the answers

Genetically modified crops have been shown to minimize the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.

True Signup and view all the answers

About 30 recombinant therapeutics have currently been approved for human use worldwide.

True Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism do pest-resistant plants use to combat nematode infestation?

RNA interference Signup and view all the answers

Insulin extracted from animals does not cause any allergic reactions in patients.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are the two chains that make up human insulin?

Chain A and Chain B Signup and view all the answers

Which company first produced human insulin using recombinant DNA techniques?

Eli Lilly Signup and view all the answers

Gene therapy is an attempt to correct __________ diseases.

hereditary Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of transgenic animals producing biological products?

They can produce large quantities of human proteins. Signup and view all the answers

Transgenic mice have been developed to test the safety of vaccines before human usage.

True Signup and view all the answers

What was the name of the first transgenic cow that produced human protein-enriched milk?

Rosie Signup and view all the answers

Transgenic animals created for ______ testing carry genes that make them more sensitive to toxic substances.

chemical safety Signup and view all the answers

Match the following diseases with their associated transgenic models:

Cancer = Transgenic mice Cystic Fibrosis = Transgenic pigs Rheumatoid Arthritis = Transgenic sheep Alzheimer's = Transgenic mice Signup and view all the answers

Which human protein is used to treat emphysema?

α-1-antitrypsin Signup and view all the answers

The manipulation of living organisms does not require any ethical regulations.

False Signup and view all the answers

What committee has been established by the Indian Government to evaluate genetic modification research?

GEAC Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of developing pest-resistant crops?

Reduced reliance on chemical pesticides Signup and view all the answers

The Bt toxin produced by Bacillus thuringiensis only affects specific insect groups.

True Signup and view all the answers

Genetic modification has increased the efficiency of mineral usage by plants, preventing early exhaustion of __________.

soil fertility Signup and view all the answers

Match the following crops with their specific pest resistance:

Bt Cotton = Cotton bollworms Bt Corn = Corn borer Bt Rice = Insects affecting rice Bt Potato = Beetles Signup and view all the answers

What part of the insect gut activates the Bt toxin?

Alkaline pH Signup and view all the answers

Genetic modification of crops can enhance their nutritional value, such as in golden rice.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is one application of biotechnology in agriculture?

Production of pest resistant plants Signup and view all the answers

The patent granted to an American company for Basmati rice was based on a new variety developed from Indian farmer's varieties.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Basmati rice in India?

Basmati rice is known for its unique aroma and flavor, and has historical significance mentioned in ancient texts and folklore. Signup and view all the answers

Most industrialized nations are financially rich but ______ in biodiversity.

poor Signup and view all the answers

Match the traditional resources with their potential applications:

Turmeric = Anti-inflammatory properties Neem = Natural pest control Rice = Food source Ayurveda = Traditional medicine Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant concern regarding patent applications related to traditional herbal medicines?

They could lead to loss of traditional knowledge. Signup and view all the answers

Traditional knowledge related to bio-resources has no value in modern applications.

False Signup and view all the answers

What might happen if counter-patent applications are not filed against biopiracy?

Other countries or individuals may exploit the rich legacy of biodiversity and traditional knowledge without compensation. Signup and view all the answers

What is one primary benefit of genetic modification in crops?

Enhanced tolerance to abiotic stresses Signup and view all the answers

Bt toxin is active in its original form before being ingested by insects.

False Signup and view all the answers

The protein coded by the gene cryIAc is designed to control the __________.

cotton bollworms Signup and view all the answers

Match the following Bacillus thuringiensis proteins with their target insects:

cryIAc = Cotton bollworm cryIIAb = Cotton bollworm cryIAb = Corn borer Signup and view all the answers

What does genetic modification help to reduce in agriculture?

Reliance on chemical pesticides Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main purposes of tissue culture in biotechnology?

To regenerate whole plants from any part of a plant Signup and view all the answers

What is one application of biotechnology that can reduce post-harvest losses?

Production of pest-resistant plants Signup and view all the answers

Genetically engineered crops are the only solution to increasing food production in agriculture.

False Signup and view all the answers

Genetic modification only increases the nutritional value of food without other benefits.

False Signup and view all the answers

What critical area of biotechnology focuses on creating optimal conditions for catalysts to act?

Engineering for catalysts Signup and view all the answers

The _____ Revolution succeeded in tripling the food supply but did not fully address the growing human population's needs.

Green Signup and view all the answers

Match the following biotechnological applications with their corresponding descriptions:

Therapeutics = Medical treatments derived from biotechnology Diagnostics = Methods to detect diseases Bioremediation = Using organisms to clean up environmental pollutants Genetically Modified Crops = Crops enhanced for better yield and resistance Signup and view all the answers

Which research area involves purifying proteins and organic compounds?

Downstream processing technologies Signup and view all the answers

Tissue culture techniques were developed after the 1950s.

True Signup and view all the answers

In biotechnology, improved organisms are often genetically modified _____ that serve as catalysts.

microbes Signup and view all the answers

What process does RNA interference (RNAi) primarily involve?

Silencing specific mRNA Signup and view all the answers

Name the nematode that infects the roots of tobacco plants.

Meloidegyne incognitia Signup and view all the answers

About ______ recombinant therapeutics have been approved for human use worldwide.

30 Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to plant biotechnology with their functions:

RNA interference = Silencing mRNA Agrobacterium vectors = Gene delivery system Transgenic plants = Plants modified to express new genes dsRNA = Double stranded RNA used in RNAi Signup and view all the answers

What is one benefit of recombinant insulin over animal-derived insulin?

It causes fewer allergic reactions Signup and view all the answers

Recombinant therapeutics are commonly derived from non-human sources.

False Signup and view all the answers

What does the introduction of specific genes in transgenic plants achieve?

Protection against parasites Signup and view all the answers

What is a key benefit of genetically modified (GM) crops?

They can increase crop yields. Signup and view all the answers

Gene therapy can only replace defective genes but cannot amplify existing genes.

False Signup and view all the answers

What substance is produced using recombinant DNA technology in bacteria that is identical to human insulin?

Human insulin Signup and view all the answers

The process of inserting genes into an individual's cells and tissues to treat diseases is known as _______.

gene therapy Signup and view all the answers

Match the following biotechnological techniques with their applications:

Recombinant DNA technology = Production of genetically modified organisms Tissue culture = Creation of new plant varieties Gene therapy = Treatment of hereditary diseases Somatic hybridization = Fusion of different plant cells Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key considerations in the Indian Patents Bill regarding bio-resources?

It ensures fair compensation for bio-resource sharing. Signup and view all the answers

Transgenic animals are only used in agricultural applications.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are genetically modified organisms (GMOs)?

Organisms that have been altered using genetic engineering techniques to transfer genes between species. Signup and view all the answers

The first clinical gene therapy was administered to a 4-year-old girl in 1990 for cystic fibrosis.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the disorder caused by the deletion of the gene for adenosine deaminase?

Adenosine deaminase deficiency (ADA deficiency) Signup and view all the answers

Gene therapy may involve introducing a functional gene into a patient's __________ cells.

lymphocyte Signup and view all the answers

Match the following techniques with their role in disease diagnosis:

PCR = Detects very low amounts of DNA ELISA = Detects specific proteins or pathogens Recombinant DNA technology = Used to manipulate genetic material Serum analysis = Analyzes blood components Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is NOT considered a complete cure for ADA deficiency?

Gene therapy at early embryonic stages Signup and view all the answers

Using conventional methods of diagnosis can allow for early detection of diseases.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is a necessary step before returning engineered lymphocytes to the patient in gene therapy?

Growing lymphocytes in a culture outside the body Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential alternative source of insulin if human insulin is not available?

Insulin produced by bacteria Signup and view all the answers

Insulin extracted from animal sources caused no allergic reactions in patients.

False Signup and view all the answers

The extra stretch called the ______ peptide is removed during the maturation of pro-insulin into insulin.

C Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of insulin production with their functions:

Pro-hormone = Needs processing before becoming functional Bacteria = Used to produce human insulin via rDNA Disulfide bonds = Link insulin chains A and B C peptide = Removed before insulin is mature Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the development made by Eli Lilly in 1983?

It allowed the synthesis of human insulin from bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential benefit of using transgenic animals in medical research?

They help test vaccine safety more quickly. Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of producing thousands of genetically identical plants called?

Micro-propagation Signup and view all the answers

Meristems are free of viruses and can be used to recover healthy plants.

True Signup and view all the answers

Transgenic mice can replace the need for monkeys in testing vaccine safety.

True Signup and view all the answers

Name one of the diseases for which transgenic models exist.

cancer Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary concern when using animal-derived insulin in diabetic patients?

Immunity response to foreign proteins Signup and view all the answers

Transgenic cow, Rosie, was known for producing human protein-enriched ______.

milk Signup and view all the answers

The fusion of isolated protoplasts from two different plant varieties can lead to ______ hybrids.

somatic Signup and view all the answers

What two chains make up the structure of insulin?

Chain A and Chain B Signup and view all the answers

Match the following transgenic animals with their uses:

Transgenic mice = Testing vaccine safety Transgenic cows = Producing human protein-rich milk Transgenic animals (general) = Toxicity testing Transgenic pigs = Organ transplants for humans Signup and view all the answers

What organization was established by the Indian Government to regulate genetic modification research?

GEAC Signup and view all the answers

Insulin originally extracted from the pancreas of __________ caused some patients to develop allergic reactions.

cattle and pigs Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the applications of tissue culture in agriculture?

Recovery of healthy plants from diseased plants Signup and view all the answers

Match the following insulin components with their descriptions:

C peptide = Extra stretch in pro-hormone Pro-hormone = Inactive precursor of a hormone E. coli = Bacterium used for insulin production Disulphide bonds = Links A and B chains of insulin Signup and view all the answers

Pomato is a widely successful hybrid plant that has all desired characteristics for commercial use.

False Signup and view all the answers

Transgenic animals are less sensitive to toxic substances compared to non-transgenic animals.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which technique was first used in 1983 to produce human insulin?

Recombinant DNA technology Signup and view all the answers

Plants such as tomato, banana, and apple are propagated on a commercial scale through ______.

micro-propagation Signup and view all the answers

Insulin consists of three polypeptide chains linked by disulphide bridges.

False Signup and view all the answers

What major problem did researchers face in producing insulin using recombinant DNA techniques?

Assembling insulin into a mature form Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary benefit of genetically modified crops?

Increased resistance to pests Signup and view all the answers

Recombinant DNA technology is used exclusively in agricultural applications.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of gene therapy?

To treat diseases by inserting functional genes into cells. Signup and view all the answers

Transgenic animals are primarily used to understand diseases such as __________.

cancer Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main goals of laws being developed by nations regarding bio-resources?

To ensure fair compensation for resource exploitation Signup and view all the answers

Human insulin produced through recombinant DNA technology is identical in structure to natural insulin.

True Signup and view all the answers

What does the technique of somatic hybridization offer in biotechnology?

The potential to produce new plant varieties. Signup and view all the answers

What is one major benefit of micropropagation in plant production?

It produces virus-free plants. Signup and view all the answers

Cry proteins are harmless to humans but toxic to certain insects.

True Signup and view all the answers

Only multinational companies are involved in biopiracy.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is gene therapy, and can you provide an example?

Gene therapy is a technique that modifies genes to treat or prevent disease; an example is the treatment of adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency. Signup and view all the answers

What is Basmati rice known for?

Its unique aroma and flavor Signup and view all the answers

The bacterial protein that plays a role in pest control due to its toxicity is called __________.

Bt toxin Signup and view all the answers

In 1997, a US company patented a 'new' variety of ______ rice.

Basmati Signup and view all the answers

Match the following products with their traditional uses:

Turmeric = Anti-inflammatory agent Neem = Antiseptic properties Basmati rice = Culinary uses Aloe Vera = Skin treatments Signup and view all the answers

How many varieties of rice are estimated to be present in India?

About 200,000 Signup and view all the answers

Traditional knowledge can be exploited to save time during commercialization.

True Signup and view all the answers

What year did an American company obtain a patent on Basmati rice?

1997 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a component necessary for tissue culture in micro-propagation?

Sucrose Signup and view all the answers

The Green Revolution completely eliminated the problem of food scarcity.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called that allows scientists to regenerate whole plants from any part of a plant?

Tissue culture Signup and view all the answers

What term is used for the hybrid protoplasts formed by fusing isolated protoplasts from different plant varieties?

Somatic hybrids Signup and view all the answers

The process of using genetically altered plants is referred to as __________.

genetic modification Signup and view all the answers

Agrochemicals, including and , are often too expensive for farmers in developing countries.

fertilizers, pesticides Signup and view all the answers

Match the following food plants with their relation to micro-propagation:

Tomato = Produced on a commercial scale through micro-propagation Banana = Produced on a commercial scale through micro-propagation Potato = Cultured through meristem techniques Sugarcane = Cultured through meristem techniques Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of agriculture with their descriptions:

Agrochemical-based agriculture = Depends heavily on chemical fertilizers and pesticides Organic agriculture = Focuses on natural processes and materials Genetically engineered crop-based agriculture = Utilizes genetically modified organisms for higher yields Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of culturing meristem in plant tissue culture?

To obtain virus-free plants Signup and view all the answers

What major technological advancement arose due to limitations in traditional breeding techniques?

Tissue culture Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the technique used to create genetically modified organisms?

Genetic engineering Signup and view all the answers

Tissue culture allows regeneration of plants from non-sterile conditions.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one major application of biotechnology in food production.

Genetically modified crops Signup and view all the answers

Isolated protoplasts can only be obtained from diseased plants.

False Signup and view all the answers

What technique is commonly used to amplify low concentrations of DNA in pathogens for detection?

PCR Signup and view all the answers

What does ELISA stand for?

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Signup and view all the answers

The probe in PCR hybridizes with its complementary _____ to assist in detection.

DNA Signup and view all the answers

Match the following biotechnological techniques with their purposes:

PCR = Amplification of DNA ELISA = Detection of antigens or antibodies Transgenic technology = Creation of animals with foreign genes Autoradiography = Detection of hybridized nucleic acids Signup and view all the answers

PCR can only be used to detect viral DNA.

False Signup and view all the answers

What type of molecule is typically used as a probe in genetic detection methods such as PCR?

Radioactive DNA or RNA Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism is primarily used to silence specific mRNA in pest-resistant plants?

RNA interference (RNAi) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Agrobacterium vectors in creating pest-resistant plants?

They introduce nematode-specific genes into the host plant. Signup and view all the answers

The process of RNA interference involves silencing of a specific mRNA due to a complementary ______ molecule.

dsRNA Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a benefit of using recombinant therapeutics?

Safe and effective for human use Signup and view all the answers

Genetically engineered insulin is less effective than insulin extracted from animal sources.

False Signup and view all the answers

What type of crop modification is primarily discussed in the context of nematode resistance?

Transgenic modification Signup and view all the answers

Insulin extracted from animal sources is always safe and does not elicit any allergic reactions.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are the two components of insulin called?

Chain A and Chain B Signup and view all the answers

The extra stretch called the ______ is removed during the maturation of pro-insulin into insulin.

C peptide Signup and view all the answers

Match the following insulin production methods with their descriptions:

Recombinant DNA technology = Use of plasmids in bacteria to produce human insulin Insulin extraction from animals = Obtaining insulin from pancreas of cattle or pigs Oral insulin administration = Involves delivering insulin through the digestive system Pro-hormone processing = Conversion of precursor molecules into active hormones Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following options represents a potential benefit of using bacteria to produce insulin?

Bacteria can produce large quantities of human insulin Signup and view all the answers

Gene therapy aims to introduce or replace defective genes in individuals with hereditary diseases.

True Signup and view all the answers

In 1983, Eli Lilly prepared two DNA sequences for the A and B chains of human insulin and introduced them into plasmids of ______.

E. coli Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'biopiracy' refer to?

The unauthorized use of bio-resources without compensatory payment. Signup and view all the answers

Basmati rice was patented by an American company in 1997 despite originating from Indian farmers' varieties.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is one major problem with the patents related to traditional agricultural products?

Companies are granted patents for products that utilize genetic materials developed by indigenous people. Signup and view all the answers

There are approximately ______ varieties of rice in India, making it one of the richest sources of rice diversity in the world.

200,000 Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their meanings:

Biopiracy = Unauthorized use of biological resources Basmati Rice = Rice with distinct aroma and flavor from India Turmeric = Traditional herbal medicine often targeted for patents Indigenous Knowledge = Traditional knowledge related to bio-resources Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about industrialized nations with regard to biodiversity?

They are rich in biodiversity. Signup and view all the answers

The unique qualities of Basmati rice were first recognized in modern times.

False Signup and view all the answers

The process of crossing Indian Basmati rice with semi-dwarf varieties allowed an American company to claim it as a ______.

novelty Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Biotechnology Applications

Biotechnology involves the industrial-scale production of biopharmaceuticals and biologicals using genetically modified microbes, fungi, plants, and animals.
Applications include therapeutics, diagnostics, genetically modified crops, processed food, bioremediation, waste treatment, and energy production.
Key research areas include providing improved catalysts (microbes or enzymes), creating optimal conditions for catalysts, and downstream processing for purification of proteins/compounds.

Biotechnological Applications in Agriculture

Three options for increasing food production are agro-chemical based agriculture, organic agriculture, and genetically engineered crop-based agriculture.
Green Revolution tripled food supply but insufficient for growing population.
Traditional breeding techniques are slow; tissue culture provides a fast and efficient alternative for crop improvement.
Tissue culture involves growing whole plants from explants (plant parts) in a sterile nutrient medium. It's based on the concept of totipotency—cells retaining the potential to develop into whole organisms.
Micropropagation uses tissue culture to produce thousands of genetically identical plants quickly.
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) are plants, bacteria, fungi, and animals with modified genes to enhance characteristics.
GMO plants show improvements in tolerance to abiotic stresses (cold, drought, etc), reducing reliance on pesticides, improving post-harvest losses, increasing mineral usage efficiency, and enhanced nutritional value (e.g., golden rice).
Genetically modified crops are created to have desirable traits, like pest resistance, to reduce pesticide use.
Bt toxin, from Bacillus thuringiensis, acts as a biopesticide, producing proteins that kill specific insects, particularly in crops like cotton and corn. This is a bio-pesticide, derived from certain bacteria.
Somatic hybridisation creates new hybrid plants by fusing protoplasts from different plant varieties. Examples include the pomato, combining tomato and potato characteristics. This is a method for plant breeding.
Specific genes are isolated from bacteria like Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt) into relevant crops to produce biopesticides.
The process of RNA interference (RNAi) can be used to prevent pest infestations by silencing specific mRNA, rendering the parasite unable to survive in the transgenic host. Methods using Agrobacterium vectors increase nematode resistance in crops
Examples of GM crops include Bt cotton, Bt corn, rice, tomato, potato, and soybean.
Several GM crops have improved nutritional value and are more resistant to specific stresses, leading to greater crop yields.
Basmati rice is a globally recognised variety of rice with a distinctive aroma and flavour. Patent rights were granted for a "new" variety of Basmati rice developed from Indian farmer varieties by an American company, highlighting issues of traditional knowledge, intellectual property, equitable benefit-sharing, thereby promoting the concept of biopiracy.
Traditional knowledge and practices associated with biological materials are valuable and require safeguarding and just compensation for any use.
Biopiracy refers to the unauthorized use of biological resources from another country, including traditional knowledge associated with such resources, particularly raising concerns about the equitable benefit-sharing for biological resources.
Concerns about the use of traditional knowledge and practices regarding biological resources are emphasized.
Genetically-modified plants have increased crop yields, improved nutritional content, and reduced pesticide use by being genetically modified.
Bio-pesticide, in the form of specific Bt toxins extracted from the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis, enhances pest control in relevant crops.

Biotechnological Applications in Medicine

Recombinant DNA technology allows the mass production of safe and effective therapeutic drugs, avoiding unwanted immune responses seen in treatments created from non-human sources.
Human insulin for diabetes can be produced by genetically modified bacteria, resulting in readily accessible insulin treatment.
Transgenic animals are used to produce human proteins.
Gene therapy attempts to correct genetic defects by introducing normal genes to compensate for faulty ones. Examples include correcting genetic defects to treat ADA deficiency.
Early diagnosis is important for effective treatment and uses methods like PCR, ELISA, etc.
Recombinant DNA technology has revolutionized medicine, enabling mass production of safe and effective therapeutic drugs without the immunologic responses seen in non-human sources
Gene therapy corrects genetic defects by introducing normal genes; correction through bone marrow transplantation or enzyme replacement therapy are some examples.
About 30 recombinant therapeutics have been approved for human use worldwide, with 12 marketed in India.

Transgenic Animals

Transgenic animals are those engineered to possess and express foreign genes.
These animals are generated to understand normal physiology/development or study disease processes in humans, acting as models for human diseases.
Transgenic animals are used in models for human diseases like cancer, cystic fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and Alzheimer's.
Transgenic animals allow studying how genes regulate bodily functions.
They model human disease, enabling the investigation of new treatments.
Transgenic mice are used in vaccine safety testing, replacing the use of monkeys in some cases, to evaluate the safety of vaccines.
Transgenic animals are increasingly used for the production of pharmaceuticals and other useful biological products.

Ethical Issues in Biotechnology

Ethical standards for the manipulation of living organisms are crucial.
Biopiracy—the unauthorized use of biological resources without proper authorization or fair compensation—raises ethical concerns, particularly concerning traditional knowledge and indigenous practices, highlighting the need for equitable benefit sharing.
Governments have formed bodies like GEAC (Genetic Engineering Approval Committee) to ensure the safety and proper use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs).
Patenting of biological materials is increasingly debated, especially concerning traditional uses and indigenous knowledge.
Issues of equitable benefit sharing, safeguarding of traditional knowledge, and ensuring due recognition of indigenous contributions are emphasized.
Concerns about the use of traditional knowledge/processes without proper authorization are evident.
The Indian government has a Genetic Engineering Approval Committee (GEAC) to ensure safety and proper use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs).
The Indian Patents Bill has undergone amendments to address issues around traditional knowledge, indigenous practices, and the use of biological resources.
Ethical implications of biotechnology, including biopiracy (unauthorized use of biological resources) and concerns about patents on traditional knowledge need to be addressed.
Safeguarding traditional knowledge associated with biological materials is crucial.
Concerns about the potential for misuse & inequities in distribution of benefits and risks are prominent.
Ethical considerations regarding the safety and potential risks associated with the use of GMOs and other biotechnologies are emphasized.
Specific examples like rice, turmeric, neem, and other biological resources highlight the concept of biopiracy.
Biopiracy involves unauthorized use of biological resources and traditional knowledge.
Patent issues and equitable benefit sharing are integral parts and need to be addressed.

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Test your knowledge on the various applications of biotechnology in fields like agriculture, pharmaceuticals, and energy production. Explore the impact of genetically modified organisms and innovative techniques such as tissue culture. This quiz covers essential concepts and advancements in biotechnological applications.

NCERT - BIOTECHNOLOGY - AND ITS APPLICATIONS

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Questions and Answers

What is one of the applications of biotechnology in agriculture?

The Green Revolution was fully successful in feeding the growing human population.

What is the term for the ability of a plant cell to regenerate a whole plant from any part?

Biotechnology uses genetically modified ______ for various applications.

Match the following biotechnological applications with their descriptions:

What technology was developed because traditional breeding techniques could not keep pace with demand?

Agrochemicals are always affordable for farmers in developing countries.

The optimum conditions for a catalyst in biotechnology are created through ______.

What is a potential source of insulin if human insulin is not available?

Insulin extracted from animal sources does not cause any allergic reactions in patients.

What are the two polypeptide chains that make up insulin called?

The C peptide is removed during the maturation of __________ into insulin.

What significant development in 1983 changed insulin production?

Insulin can be effectively administered orally to diabetic patients.

What is gene therapy attempting to address?

Match the following components with their roles in insulin production:

What technique is commonly used to detect very low amounts of DNA?

Transgenic animals can only be produced from mice.

What is the primary purpose of using PCR in the context of detecting pathogens?

Transgenic animals are primarily used to study how genes contribute to the development of __________.

Match the following techniques with their descriptions:

Which statement about ELISA is correct?

Transgenic technology can be used to study normal physiology and development.

What is one potential benefit of producing transgenic animals?

Which transgenic animal was the first to produce human protein-enriched milk?

Transgenic mice are used to test the safety of the polio vaccine.

What is α-1-antitrypsin used to treat?

Transgenic animals that are sensitive to toxic substances are used in ______ testing.

Match the following diseases with their related transgenic models:

What is one of the ethical concerns regarding genetic modification of organisms?

What organization does the Indian Government set up to regulate genetic modification research?

The introduction of transgenic models for human diseases has eliminated the need for any form of animal testing.

What is one of the main reasons for amendments to the Indian Patents Bill?

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) are created only using natural methods.

What process enables the mass production of safe and effective therapeutics?

___ animals are used as models to understand human diseases like cancer and Alzheimer's.

Which of the following is a benefit of using GM crops?

Gene therapy involves removing defective genes from an individual's cells.

What is the purpose of gene targeting in gene therapy?

Match the following biotechnology terms with their definitions:

What is one effect of genetic modification on crops?

Bt toxin produced by Bacillus thuringiensis is inactive until ingested by insects.

What does the gene cryIAc code for?

Genetic modification has enhanced the __________ value of crops, such as golden rice.

Match the following BT toxins with their target pests:

Which of the following is NOT a use of genetic modification in crops?

Genetic modification can lead to early exhaustion of the soil's fertility.

Name one crop that has been genetically modified to express the Bt toxin.

What condition did the first clinical gene therapy target in 1990?

Gene therapy can correct genetic defects by removing defective genes from cells.

What is the term for the use of engineered lymphocytes in gene therapy?

The enzyme adenosine deaminase is crucial for the __________ system to function.

Match the following diagnostic techniques with their purpose:

What is a limitation of enzyme replacement therapy for ADA deficiency?

Early diagnosis of diseases can be effectively achieved using conventional methods like serum analysis.

Which of the following is NOT a critical research area of biotechnology?

What is one method used in gene therapy to introduce a functional gene into lymphocytes?

Organic agriculture is one of the options for increasing food production.

What technique allows the regeneration of whole plants from plant parts under sterile conditions?

The ability of a plant cell to regenerate into a whole plant is known as ______.

What was a major factor in the success of the Green Revolution?

Agrochemicals are always affordable and accessible for farmers in developing countries.

The mass production of biopharmaceuticals is primarily achieved using ______ organisms.

Which of the following technologies is used to detect very low concentrations of DNA?

Transgenic animals are solely produced from mice.

What is one primary purpose of using ELISA?

Transgenic animals can serve as models for studying __________ diseases.

Match the following techniques with their applications:

What is an important application of PCR in medicine?

Transgenic animals are only produced to enhance agricultural productivity.

What is a primary benefit of using transgenic animals in biomedical research?

What is the primary reason that crystals of Bt toxin do not kill the bacteria that produce them?

What term refers to the unauthorized use of bio-resources by companies?

Gene therapy aims to correct defective genes within a person's cells.

What are Cry proteins and which organism produces them?

Basmati rice is exclusively grown in several countries worldwide.