Biostatistics in Medical Research
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Questions and Answers

What statistical method was used to analyze trends in the data?

  • Multistate Markov chain models
  • Multiple Correspondence Analysis
  • Cochrane-Armitage test
  • Poisson regression (correct)

    • What is the primary focus of Theme 2 in multimorbidity research?

  • Prevalence and determinants of multimorbidity in an urban, multi-ethnic area
  • Identifying longitudinal clusters of multimorbidity (correct)
  • Inequalities in developing multimorbidity over time
  • Distribution of patient long-term condition count by age group

    • What is the main aim of the talk on statistics in real research?

  • To understand the role of statistics in real research (correct)
  • To learn advanced statistical methods
  • To examine the use of statistics in research
  • To develop a new statistical tool

    • What type of model was used to represent the transitions between chronic diseases?

    <p>Multistate Markov chain models</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the limitation of the King's College Criteria in acute liver failure?

    <p>It is outdated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the journal where the multimorbidity research output was published?

    <p>The Lancet Regional Health - Europe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What statistical method was used to develop the prognostic models in the acute liver failure study?

    <p>Cox proportional hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the sample size for the distribution of patient long-term condition count by age group?

    <p>816,901</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary focus of Theme 3 in multimorbidity research?

    <p>Inequalities in developing multimorbidity over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the online app developed in the acute liver failure study?

    <p>To collect data from liver specialists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of analysis was used to graphically depict chronic diseases, age, gender, deprivation, and ethnicity?

    <p>Multiple Correspondence Analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the evaluation metric used to measure the model discrimination in the acute liver failure study?

    <p>Area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the hospital where the King's College Criteria was developed?

    <p>King's College Hospital, London</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the age range for which selected probabilities from the transition matrices were depicted?

    <p>40-59</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the external validation datasets in the acute liver failure study?

    <p>To test the performance of the prognostic models</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the clinical specialty area where the dynamic outcome prediction model was developed?

    <p>Hepatology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of the new model described?

    <p>It is a practical high performance statistical model with over 90% precision.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the online app mentioned?

    <p>To validate and fine-tune the model.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the population in the South London Stroke Register is White?

    <p>56%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated completeness of case ascertainment in the SLSR?

    <p>80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the criteria used to classify ischaemic stroke aetiologies in the SLSR?

    <p>TOAST criteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula used to calculate the incidence rate in the SLSR?

    <p>Incidence = (Number of cases / population) × 100,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of direct age-standardisation in the SLSR?

    <p>To compare data to the mid-year population of England and Wales</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of the SLSR study?

    <p>Established in 1995, with no specific duration mentioned</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary focus of the study published in the British Journal of General Practice in 2021?

    <p>Identifying multimorbidity clusters with the highest primary care use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following studies applied resolved and remission codes to reduce prevalence of multimorbidity?

    <p>The study published in the Journal of Clinical Epidemiology in 2021</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the focus of the systematic review published in the British Journal General Practice in 2021?

    <p>The impact of multimorbidity on health care costs and utilisation in the UK</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of people in south London live with multiple long-term conditions, according to the Daily Mail?

    <p>One in five people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following journals published a study on identifying longitudinal clusters of multimorbidity in an urban setting?

    <p>The Lancet Regional Health - Europe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common theme among the studies mentioned in the content?

    <p>Multimorbidity in urban multi-ethnic populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Biostatistics

    • Aims to understand the role of statistics in real research through senior statisticians' own collaborative research.
    • Not to learn statistics as some methods are very advanced, but to see how it is used in practice.

    Statistics in Acute Liver Failure

    • Developed a dynamic outcome prediction model for paracetamol-induced acute liver failure.
    • The King's College Criteria is outdated, and the new model aims to reflect current outcomes and generate a dynamic updated estimation of risk of death.
    • Patients from intensive care units in the UK and Denmark were used for the development and validation of the model.
    • The model's performance was tested using area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) and calibration by root mean square error (RMSE).
    • An online app was developed to collect data and further validate and fine-tune the model.

    What's New

    • Previous models were static, while the new model is dynamic and updating, so the prognosis changes if a patient's condition changes.
    • The model has high performance and can make individual and updated survival predictions with over 90% precision.

    The South London Stroke Register

    • Long-term trends in incidence and risk factors for ischaemic stroke subtypes.
    • The South London Stroke Register is a prospective study established in 1995, conducting population-based case ascertainment of first-ever strokes in a defined population of inner London.
    • The register used multiple overlapping reporting systems and estimated a completeness of case ascertainment at approximately 80%.
    • Aetiological classification of ischaemic stroke was done using TOAST criteria into five subtypes.

    Statistical Methods

    • Incidence rates were calculated using direct age-standardization to the mid-year population of England and Wales (2011 census).
    • Trends were analyzed using Poisson regression, Cochrane-Armitage test, and loess regression.
    • Calculations were done for each TOAST subtype and further stratified by age.

    Multimorbidity Research

    • Theme 1: Prevalence and determinants of multimorbidity in an urban, multi-ethnic area over 15 years.
    • Theme 2: Identifying longitudinal clusters of multimorbidity in an urban setting.
    • Theme 3: Inequalities in developing multimorbidity over time using multistate Markov chain models.

    Research Output

    • Selected papers on multimorbidity research were published in The Lancet Regional Health - Europe, British Journal of General Practice, and Journal of Clinical Epidemiology.

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    Related Documents

    MBBS January 23: Introduction to Biostatistics Statistics in Practice (King's College London) PDF

    Description

    Learn how biostatistics is applied in medical research, particularly in acute liver failure, through real-world examples and case studies.

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