Biostatistics and Medical Concepts Quiz
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Biostatistics and Medical Concepts Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What condition arises due to uniparental disomy, where both copies of a chromosome are inherited from one parent?

  • Down syndrome
  • Turner syndrome
  • Angelman syndrome
  • Prader-Willi syndrome (correct)

    • Which condition is characterized by the absence of internal female genital ducts despite the presence of XY chromosomes and testes?

  • Androgen insensitivity syndrome (correct)
  • Klinefelter syndrome
  • Turner syndrome
  • Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

    • During which pregnancy complication can the inferior mesenteric artery hinder the ascent of the kidneys?

  • Horseshoe kidney (correct)
  • Polycystic kidney disease
  • Renal agenesis
  • Multicystic dysplastic kidney

    • In the context of chronic respiratory conditions, which factors are associated with a normal A-a gradient?

    <p>CNS depression, obesity, high altitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by the presence of lactic acidosis and neurologic defects in a patient?

    <p>Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What surgical complication can arise from a tension pneumothorax?

    <p>Contralateral mediastinal shift</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which biopsy finding is significant in Paget's disease of the bone?

    <p>Mosaic pattern of lamellar bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a clinical manifestation of primary amebic encephalitis caused by Naegleria fowleri?

    <p>Sudden onset of fever and headache</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines locus heterogeneity in genetics?

    <p>Similar phenotypes from mutations in different genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does phenotypic mixing occur in virology?

    <p>Co-infection of a host cell with two strains resulting in offspring with mixed traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the characteristics of Aspergillus fumigatus infection?

    <p>Produces thin septate hyphae with acute V shaped branching.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of physiologic gynecomastia?

    <p>A benign condition caused by hormonal imbalance during midpuberty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sugars are correctly paired with their composition?

    <p>Maltose = glucose x glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organisms are distinguished by their hyphal structure and branching characteristics?

    <p>Rhizopus and mucor form broad ribbon shaped nonseptate hyphae that branch wide angles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of odds ratio or relative risk?

    <p>They measure the strength of association between two categorical variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception regarding the composition of sucrose?

    <p>Sucrose is made of glucose x fructose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of physiologic gynecomastia is true during midpuberty?

    <p>It is a common condition caused by hormonal imbalance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct description of Rhizopus and mucor hyphal structure?

    <p>They produce broad ribbon shaped nonseptate hyphae that branch at right angles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is regression analysis defined?

    <p>A statistical method to describe the effect of independent variables on a quantitative dependent variable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly distinguishes the types of hyphae produced by fungi?

    <p>Rhizopus and mucor produce broad ribbon shaped nonseptate hyphae.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is associated with bone pain and elevated alkaline phosphatase levels in elderly patients?

    <p>Paget's disease of the bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to the development of symptoms in congenital hypothyroidism after birth?

    <p>Withdraw of maternal T4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic phenomenon describes a similar phenotype resulting from mutations at different loci?

    <p>Locus heterogeneity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism explains the neurologic symptoms observed in patients with pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency?

    <p>Accumulation of lactate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a vital mechanism implicated in the pathophysiology of tension pneumothorax?

    <p>Air trapping in pleural space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a typical clinical manifestation of primary amebic encephalitis?

    <p>Cyanosis during feeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characterized by the presence of an increased A-a gradient in respiratory pathology?

    <p>Pulmonary embolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the effect of androgen insensitivity syndrome on genital development?

    <p>Female external genitalia with absent internal ducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vascular lesion can occur as a result of a fall on an outstretched hand?

    <p>Ulnar nerve entrapment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of scaphoid fracture related to blood supply?

    <p>Avascular necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of the hyphal structure of Rhizopus and mucor?

    <p>They are distinguished by broad ribbon shaped nonseptate hyphae.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the process of regression analysis?

    <p>It describes the effect of one or more independent variables on a single quantitative dependent variable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct composition of maltose?

    <p>Glucose and glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes physiologic gynecomastia in adolescent boys?

    <p>It is linked to a transient proestrogenic hormonal imbalance during midpuberty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the characteristics of Aspergillus fumigatus infection?

    <p>It produces thin septate hyphae with acute V shaped branching.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of odds ratio or relative risk in epidemiological studies?

    <p>To measure the strength of association between two categorical variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sugar is correctly paired with its components?

    <p>Maltose = glucose x glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes physiologic gynecomastia from pathologic conditions?

    <p>It usually resolves spontaneously without treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of branching do rhizopus and mucor hyphae exhibit?

    <p>Right angles or wide angles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Regression Analysis

    • Statistical method analyzing the influence of independent (qualitative or quantitative) on a dependent (quantitative) variable.

    Odds Ratio & Relative Risk

    • Measure the strength of association between two categorical variables.

    Fungal Infections

    • Aspergillus fumigatus: Thin septate hyphae with acute V-shaped branching.
    • Rhizopus and Mucor: Broad ribbon-shaped nonseptate hyphae that branch at right or wide angles.

    Carbohydrates

    • Maltose: Glucose + Glucose
    • Sucrose: Glucose + Fructose
    • Lactose: Galactose + Glucose

    Physiologic Gynecomastia

    • Benign condition in adolescent boys due to hormonal imbalance during mid-puberty.
    • Presents as unilateral or bilateral tender breast enlargement.
    • Resolves within a year.

    Ventilation

    • Minute ventilation: Tidal volume x breaths per minute
    • Alveolar ventilation: (Tidal volume - dead space volume) x breaths/min

    Uniparental Disomy

    • Both copies of a chromosome inherited from one parent.
    • Example: Prader-Willi syndrome.

    Kidney Development

    • Horseshoe kidney: Fusion of kidneys at lower poles prevents ascent from the pelvis.
    • Inferior mesenteric artery: Prevents kidney ascent.

    A-a Gradient

    • Normal: 4-15 mmHg (High altitude, CNS depression, obesity)
    • Increased: Diffusion limitation (Emphysema) and V/Q mismatch (Pulmonary embolism, pneumonia)

    Benzodiazepine Overdose

    • CNS depression and hypoventilation.
    • CO2 retention, respiratory acidosis.
    • Decreased PaO2, leading to hypoxemia.
    • Normal alveolar-arterial O2 gradient.

    Tracheoesophageal Fistula with Esophageal Atresia

    • Failure of the primitive foregut to divide into trachea and esophagus.
    • Infants present with cyanosis and choking during feeding.

    MHC Class II Molecules

    • Encoded by HLA-DP, HLA-DQ, and HLA-DR genes.
    • Expressed on antigen-presenting cells (B cells and macrophages).
    • Loaded with extracellular antigen in an acidified lysosome.
    • Associated with:
      • Rheumatoid arthritis
      • Type I diabetes mellitus
      • Celiac disease

    MHC Class I Molecules

    • Encoded by HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C genes.
    • Expressed on nucleated cells.
    • Loaded with cytoplasmic antigen in the endoplasmic reticulum.
    • Associated with:
      • Seronegative spondyloarthropathies (ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, arthritis associated with IBD) related to HLA B27 expression.

    Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Deficiency

    • Presents with lactic acidosis and neurological defects.
    • Deficiency in pyruvate dehydrogenase, which converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA.
    • Build-up of pyruvate leads to lactic acidosis.
    • Treated with a ketogenic diet and lysine/leucine supplementation.

    Baseball Injury

    • Damage to the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve.
    • Sensory loss on the lateral forearm and loss of biceps reflex.

    Primary Amebic Encephalitis

    • Caused by Naegleria fowleri.
    • Penetrates the olfactory mucosa.
    • Migrates through the olfactory nerve to the brain.
    • Usually occurs after exposure to warm, fresh water.

    Bone Pain and Elevated Alkaline Phosphatase

    • Osteoblast metastases: Bone pain and elevated alkaline phosphatase in elderly patients.
    • Paget disease of the bone: Biopsy reveals a mosaic pattern of lamellar bone. Initial phase characterized by osteoclastic activity.

    Genetic Heterogeneity

    • Locus heterogeneity: Similar phenotype caused by mutations in different genetic loci (different chromosomes). Example: Albinism.
    • Allelic heterogeneity: Same chromosome.

    Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome

    • Dysfunction of androgen receptors.
    • Individuals with XY chromosomes and testes, but no external or internal male genitalia.
    • Female external genitalia develop due to lack of androgen effect.
    • Anti-Müllerian hormone leads to absence of internal female genital ducts.

    Tension Pneumothorax

    • Increasing intrapleural pressure.
    • Contralateral mediastinal shifting and vena cava collapse.
    • Hypotension, tachycardia, and obstructive shock due to decreased venous return.

    Guyon Canal Syndrome

    • Compression of the ulnar nerve in Guyon's canal.
    • Often occurs after a fall on an outstretched hand or fracture of the hook of the hamate.

    Scaphoid Fracture

    • Tenderness in the snuffbox after a fall on an outstretched hand.
    • Can disrupt retrograde blood supply to the proximal scaphoid, increasing risk of avascular necrosis.

    Phenotypic Mixing

    • Co-infection of a host cell with two viral strains.
    • Results in progeny virions with nucleocapsid proteins from one strain and unchanged parental genome of the other.
    • No genetic exchange, progeny revert to original phenotypes in the next generation.

    Point Prevalence

    • Number of existing cases in a population divided by the total number of people in the population.

    Regulatory T Cells

    • FOXP3 is a transcriptional regulator required for their development.

    Heme Oxygenase

    • Converts heme to biliverdin, causing the greenish color in bruises.

    Congenital Hypothyroidism

    • Usually asymptomatic at birth.
    • Symptoms develop after maternal T4 wanes:
      • Constipation
      • Lethargy
      • Hypotonia
      • Macroglossia
      • Umbilical hernia
      • Large anterior fontanelle

    West Nile Virus

    • Harbored in birds and transmitted to humans by mosquitos.
    • Most patients are asymptomatic.
    • Can cause:
      • Influenza-like illness
      • Neuroinvasive disease (meningitis, encephalitis, flaccid paralysis)

    Deformation

    • Mechanical forces altering the shape or position of a developing structure.
    • Example: Clubfoot.

    Regression Analysis

    • Statistical technique used to describe the effect of independent variables on a dependent variable.
    • Independent variables can be quantitative or qualitative.
    • Dependent variable is quantitative.

    Odds Ratio and Relative Risk

    • Measure the strength of association between two categorical variables.

    Fungal Infections

    • Aspergillus fumigatus: Produces thin, septate hyphae with acute V-shaped branching.
    • Rhizopus and Mucor: Form broad, ribbon-shaped, non-septate hyphae that branch at right or wide angles.

    Carbohydrate Disaccharides

    • Maltose: Glucose + Glucose
    • Sucrose: Glucose + Fructose
    • Lactose: Galactose + Glucose

    Physiologic Gynecomastia

    • Benign condition caused by transient proestrogenic hormonal imbalance during mid-puberty.
    • Presents in adolescent boys with unilateral or bilateral tender breast enlargement.
    • Resolves within a year.

    Ventilation

    • Minute Ventilation: Tidal volume x breaths per minute
    • Alveolar Ventilation: (Tidal volume - dead space volume) x breaths per minute

    Uniparental Disomy

    • Both copies of a chromosome are inherited from one parent.
    • Example: Prader-Willi syndrome.

    Horseshoe Kidney

    • Fusion of kidneys at their lower poles during embryological development.
    • Prevents kidney ascent from the pelvis.
    • Inferior mesenteric artery may also prevent ascent.

    A-a Gradient

    • Normal: 4-15 mmHg
    • High altitude, CNS depression, and obesity all have a normal A-a gradient.
    • Increased A-a gradient: Diffusion limitation (emphysema) and V/Q mismatch (pulmonary embolism and pneumonia).

    Benzodiazepine Overdose

    • CNS depression and hypoventilation.
    • CO2 retention, respiratory acidosis, decreased PaO2 leading to hypoxemia.
    • Normal alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient.

    Tracheoesophageal Fistula with Esophageal Atresia

    • Failure of the primitive foregut to divide into trachea and esophagus.
    • Infants present with cyanosis and choking during feeding shortly after birth.

    HLA Genes

    • Class II: HLA-DP, HLA-DQ, HLA-DR
      • Expressed on antigen-presenting cells (B cells and macrophages).
      • Loaded with extracellular antigens in acidified lysosomes.
      • Examples: Rheumatoid arthritis, type I diabetes mellitus, and celiac disease.
    • Class I: HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C
      • Expressed on nucleated cells.
      • Loaded with cytosolic antigens in the endoplasmic reticulum.
      • Seronegative spondyloarthropathies (ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, and arthritis associated with IBD) are related to HLA-B27 (class I) expression.

    Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Deficiency

    • Presents with lactic acidosis and neurologic defects.
    • Pyruvate dehydrogenase converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA.
    • Deficiency leads to pyruvate buildup and lactic acidosis.
    • Ketogenic diet is implemented.
    • Lysine and leucine are ketogenic and cannot metabolize to pyruvate.

    Lateral Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve Injury

    • Occurs in baseball injuries.
    • Causes sensory loss on the lateral forearm and loss of biceps reflex.

    Primary Amebic Encephalitis

    • Due to Naegleria fowleri.
    • Penetrates the olfactory mucosa and migrates to the brain via the olfactory nerve.
    • Usually happens due to exposure to warm, fresh water during recreational activities.

    Bone Pain and Elevated Alkaline Phosphatase

    • Osteoblast metastases and Paget disease of the bone in elderly patients.
    • Biopsy shows a mosaic pattern of lamellar bone.
    • Initial phase characterized by osteoclastic activity.

    Locus Heterogeneity

    • Similar phenotype produced by mutations in different genetic loci on different chromosomes.
    • Example: Albinism.

    Allelic Heterogeneity vs. Locus Heterogeneity

    • Allelic heterogeneity: Mutations in the same chromosome.
    • Locus heterogeneity: Mutations in different chromosomes.

    Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome

    • Caused by dysfunction of androgen receptors.
    • Individuals are XY with testes but no external or internal male genitalia.
    • Female external genitalia develop.
    • Anti-Mullerian hormone results in the absence of internal female genital ducts.

    Tension Pneumothorax

    • Progressive increase in intrapleural pressure.
    • Contralateral mediastinal shifting and vena cava collapse.
    • Hypotension, tachycardia, and obstructive shock develop due to decreased venous return to the heart.

    Guyon Canal Syndrome

    • Compression of the ulnar nerve within Guyon canal.
    • Can develop following a fall on an outstretched hand.
    • Typically occurs due to fracture of the hook of the hamate.

    Scaphoid Fracture

    • Due to fall on an outstretched hand.
    • Tenderness in the snuff box.
    • Can disrupt retrograde blood supply to the proximal scaphoid, increasing risk of avascular necrosis.

    Phenotypic Mixing

    • Co-infection of a host cell with two viral strains.
    • Progeny virions have nucleocapsid proteins from one strain and the unchanged parental genome of the other strain.
    • No genetic exchange occurs.
    • Next generation of virions revert to their original unmixed phenotypes.

    Point Prevalence

    • Existing cases in a population / total number of people in the population.

    FOXP3

    • Transcriptional regulator protein required for the development of regulatory T cells.

    Heme Oxygenase

    • Converts heme to biliverdin.
    • Biliverdin causes the greenish color of bruises.

    Congenital Hypothyroidism

    • Usually asymptomatic at birth.
    • After maternal T4 wanes, infants develop constipation, lethargy, hypotonia, macroglossia, umbilical hernia, and large anterior fontanelle.

    West Nile Virus

    • Harbored in birds and transmitted to humans by mosquitoes.
    • Most patients are asymptomatic.
    • Can cause influenza-like illness or neuroinvasive disease (meningitis, encephalitis, flaccid paralysis).

    Deformation

    • Mechanical forces alter the shape or position of a normally developing structure.
    • Example: Clubfoot.

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    Test your knowledge on regression analysis, odds ratios, fungal infections, carbohydrates, and physiological gynecomastia. This quiz covers essential biostatistics and medical terms, providing a comprehensive assessment of your understanding of these topics.

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