Biopsychology of Emotion

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Questions and Answers

In the context of biopsychology, how are emotions most accurately characterized?

As distinct entities that operate independently.
As responses triggered exclusively by external stimuli.
As solely cognitive interpretations of physiological responses.
As a category of behaviors that manifest. (correct)

How does the modern biopsychological view of emotion differ from the James-Lange and Cannon-Bard theories?

It posits that emotions are solely the result of cognitive appraisal, dismissing physiological responses.
It suggests that physiological responses cause emotions, without any role for perception.
It claims that perception and emotional response do not influence each other.
It suggests that perception, physiological reactions, and emotional responses interact with each other. (correct)

What role does classical conditioning play in the timing of hunger, and how does it challenge traditional understandings of hunger?

It suggests hunger arises solely from a lack of nutrients at any given time, overriding conditioned responses.
It reduces hunger to a purely physiological response to nutrient deficiency independent of external cues.
It implies hunger is primarily a learned response to expected food intake times, rather than solely based on immediate nutrient needs. (correct)
It suggests that classical conditioning only affects the types of foods one craves and not the timing of hunger.

Why is it considered more beneficial to view emotions as behaviors that manifest, rather than discrete entities, within the field of biopsychology?

Because it allows for a more comprehensive understanding of how emotions influence and are influenced by observable actions. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Given the modern biopsychological perspective, how can you strategically intervene to manage an emotional response, such as sadness?

By combining cognitive reappraisal techniques with strategies that modulate physiological responses. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Considering the Ekman and Friesen's (1975) research on primary facial expressions, how does cultural conditioning interact with these innate emotional displays?

Cultural context primarily influences the intensity and appropriateness of emotional display, rather than fundamentally changing the expressions themselves. (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does the understanding of emotions as defensive or aggressive behaviors, in biopsychology, influence approaches to conflict resolution and mental health treatment?

It encourages the development of methods that address the needs and underlying motivations behind behaviors, instead of merely suppressing emotions. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Considering the roles of the amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex in emotional processing, how might damage to the medial prefrontal cortex uniquely affect emotional regulation?

It would significantly reduce the conscious ability to suppress or re-evaluate emotional responses, while leaving the initial emotional reaction intact. (D) Signup and view all the answers

The two-system view of the human stress response involves the sympathetic nervous system and the...

Pituitary gland. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does the interaction between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems change during the initial phase of the stress response, and what is the significance of this shift?

The sympathetic system becomes dominant while dialling down the parasympathetic system, which reallocates resources for immediate survival functions. (B) Signup and view all the answers

How does chronic activation of the stress response system impact the hippocampus, considering its role in episodic memories?

It damages the ability of neurons to connect, impairing the formation of new episodic memories. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Given that stress responses are beneficial in short bursts, how do prolonged stress responses lead to maladaptive behavior and body changes?

By disrupting hormonal balance and damaging key brain structures, leading to diverse physical and mental health issues. (D) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the leaky-barrel model of body-weight homeostasis, how does the 'weight of the barrel on the hose' relate to eating behavior?

It corresponds to the strength of the satiety signal, and it increases as the barrel is fuller. (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, what is the relationship between physiological responses and emotions?

Physiological responses directly cause emotions. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What role does the amygdala play in processing fear-inducing stimuli, and how does it contribute to emotional significance?

The amygdala processes sensory inputs and assigns appropriate emotional significance and response, which leads to fear. (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does the hormone insulin regulate blood sugar levels, and what is its secondary role in energy storage within the body?

Insulin lowers blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells and promoting the storage of fat, protein, and glycogen. (D) Signup and view all the answers

From an evolutionary perspective, why are humans predisposed to crave foods high in sugar and carbohydrates, as opposed to bitter-tasting foods?

Sweetness indicates high-calorie content, desirable for survival, while bitter tastes indicates toxins or chemicals. (D) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the cephalic stage of energy metabolism, what physiological processes are initiated, and what is their primary function?

The release of insulin and preparation of the digestive system, optimizing the body to process and store anticipated food intake. (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to set point assumption theories, what mechanisms does the body employ to maintain stable energy levels, and how do these relate to hunger?

The body's glucose and body fat levels are actively kept within stable parameters, with deviations triggering hunger to recalibrate toward a preferred level. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Considering 'satiety signals' that influence how much we eat, how does 'volume and nutrient density' send signals that causes us to stop eating?

High volume and high nutrient density are more effective in triggering satiety compared to low volume or low nutrient density. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What are the key distinctions between Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa, particularly in terms of compensatory behaviors?

Anorexia involves extreme restriction of food intake, potentially leading to an extremely low body weight, while Bulimia involves binge-eating and/or purging. (D) Signup and view all the answers

How do cultural factors influence the perception of what humans perceive as delicious?

Culture plays a significant role in shaping our taste preferences, leading to cuisines that contain certain bacterial growths on meat/diary. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Stress can influence how the Gall Bladder works via...

Sympathetic activation, resulting in the inhibition of the gall bladder. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the efferent pathway of the Autonomic division?

Controls most involuntary bodily functions. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for increasing blood glucose and reducing inflammation to prepare for a stress-induced action?

Cortisol. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does the pituitary gland interact with the adrenal glands in the two-system view of the human stress response?

The pituitary gland releases hormones that stimulate the adrenal cortex, which then releases glucocorticoids like cortisol. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Given the limited understanding of exact brain mechanisms in emotional processing, which recent advancement shows promise in furthering this understanding?

The integration of cognitive neuroscience. (C) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the stages of energy metabolism, how doesstored fat and nutrients fulfill body needs during the fasting stage?

By breaking down stored fats and proteins into glucose and other energy sources. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

James-Lange Theory

A theory positing emotion as a result of the body's response to stimuli.

Cannon-Bard Theory

A theory positing body and emotion occur simultaneously and independently.