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Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of Chapter 2 in the provided text?
What is the primary focus of Chapter 2 in the provided text?
- The history of psychology
- The role of environment in behavior
- The biological basis of behavior (correct)
- The principles of learning and memory
What is the main drawback of traditional physiological–psychological and nature–nurture dichotomies?
What is the main drawback of traditional physiological–psychological and nature–nurture dichotomies?
- They are too time-consuming
- They are too expensive
- They are too complex
- They are too simplistic (correct)
What is the significance of social dominance and courtship displays in evolutionary theory?
What is the significance of social dominance and courtship displays in evolutionary theory?
- They are a sign of aggression
- They are important for survival and reproduction (correct)
- They are irrelevant to evolution
- They are a sign of submission
What is the pathway of evolution described in the chapter?
What is the pathway of evolution described in the chapter?
What is the significance of Mendel's work with pea plants?
What is the significance of Mendel's work with pea plants?
What is the process of gene expression?
What is the process of gene expression?
What is epigenetics, and how has it transformed our understanding of genetics?
What is epigenetics, and how has it transformed our understanding of genetics?
What insights into the genetics of behavior were gained from early research on selective breeding?
What insights into the genetics of behavior were gained from early research on selective breeding?
What is a characteristic of chordates?
What is a characteristic of chordates?
What is an advantage of bony fishes leaving the water?
What is an advantage of bony fishes leaving the water?
What is shown in Figure 2.6?
What is shown in Figure 2.6?
What is a characteristic of reptiles?
What is a characteristic of reptiles?
When did the first Homo species emerge from a species of Australopithecus?
When did the first Homo species emerge from a species of Australopithecus?
What is a characteristic of mammals?
What is a characteristic of mammals?
What is the genus of humans?
What is the genus of humans?
When did Homo sapiens emerge?
When did Homo sapiens emerge?
What is the main issue with traditional dichotomies in understanding the biology of behavior?
What is the main issue with traditional dichotomies in understanding the biology of behavior?
What is the term used to describe the deficiency in awareness of one's own body parts?
What is the term used to describe the deficiency in awareness of one's own body parts?
What is the primary focus of classic research on phenylketonuria (PKU)?
What is the primary focus of classic research on phenylketonuria (PKU)?
What is the purpose of distinguishing between the development of individuals and the development of individual differences?
What is the purpose of distinguishing between the development of individuals and the development of individual differences?
What is the main limitation of heritability estimates?
What is the main limitation of heritability estimates?
How can twin studies be used to study the interaction of genes and experience?
How can twin studies be used to study the interaction of genes and experience?
What is the term used to describe the philosophical perspective that separates the mind and body?
What is the term used to describe the philosophical perspective that separates the mind and body?
What is the primary focus of Figure 2.1?
What is the primary focus of Figure 2.1?
What is one of the implications of DNA methylation and histone remodeling on gene expression?
What is one of the implications of DNA methylation and histone remodeling on gene expression?
What is the main focus of Figure 2.19?
What is the main focus of Figure 2.19?
What is the significance of the 'maze-bright' and 'maze-dull' rats in the context of genetics?
What is the significance of the 'maze-bright' and 'maze-dull' rats in the context of genetics?
What is the outcome of rearing maze-dull rats in an enriched environment, as shown in Figure 2.21?
What is the outcome of rearing maze-dull rats in an enriched environment, as shown in Figure 2.21?
What is the general concept that DNA methylation and histone remodeling are related to?
What is the general concept that DNA methylation and histone remodeling are related to?
What is the significance of the work by Tryon (1934) mentioned in the text?
What is the significance of the work by Tryon (1934) mentioned in the text?
What is the relationship between DNA methylation and gene expression?
What is the relationship between DNA methylation and gene expression?
What is a common feature of histone remodeling and DNA methylation?
What is a common feature of histone remodeling and DNA methylation?
What is the term for the physical expression of a trait?
What is the term for the physical expression of a trait?
What happens during meiosis?
What happens during meiosis?
What is the term for two genes that control the same trait?
What is the term for two genes that control the same trait?
What is the result of fertilization?
What is the result of fertilization?
What is the term for an individual with two identical alleles for a particular trait?
What is the term for an individual with two identical alleles for a particular trait?
What is the dominant trait in the example of seed color in pea plants?
What is the dominant trait in the example of seed color in pea plants?
Where are genes located in humans?
Where are genes located in humans?
What is the term for the genetic makeup of an individual?
What is the term for the genetic makeup of an individual?
Study Notes
Evolution, Genetics, and Experience
- Learning objectives for the chapter include describing the origins of physiological-psychological and nature-nurture dichotomies, explaining why traditional dichotomies are flawed, and describing the origins of evolutionary theory.
The Origins of Dichotomous Thinking
- The physiological-psychological dichotomy originated from the debate between science and religion, leading to Cartesian dualism.
- The nature-nurture dichotomy emerged from the debate between behaviorism and ethology.
Problems with Traditional Dichotomies
- Problem 1: Asomatognosia, a deficiency in awareness of one's own body parts, often involves damage to the right frontal and parietal lobes.
- Figure 2.1 illustrates the damage associated with asomatognosia.
Course of Human Evolution
- The evolution of vertebrates involved the development of chordates with dorsal nerve cords and vertebrates with spinal bones.
- Amphibians evolved from bony fishes leaving water, offering advantages such as fresh water and new terrestrial food sources.
- Reptiles evolved from amphibians, laying shell-covered eggs and developing dry scales.
- Mammals evolved from reptiles, developing mammary glands to nurture young and raising young in the mother's body.
- Humans emerged from the order primates, with the genus Homo emerging from Australopithecus over 2 million years ago, and Homo sapiens emerging 275,000 years ago.
Mendelian Genetics
- True-breeding lines involve white (ww) and brown (BB) traits, with brown being dominant.
- The genotype (Bw) determines the phenotype (brown seeds).
- Figure 2.14 illustrates Mendel's theory in action, showing how the genotype determines the phenotype.
- Each inherited factor is a gene, with alleles controlling the same trait, and homozygous/heterozygous describing the combination of alleles.
Chromosomes
- Genes are located on chromosomes, with humans having 23 pairs of chromosomes, each with an allele.
- Meiosis produces gametes (egg and sperm cells), while mitosis is involved in all other cell division.
- Fertilization involves the attachment of sperm cells to the surface of an egg cell.
Modern Genetics: Growth of Epigenetics
- Advances in epigenetics include the recognition of non-gene DNA, multiple RNA types, advances in gene expression, and the discovery of epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation and histone remodeling.
Selective Breeding of "Maze-Bright" and "Maze-Dull" Rats
- Selective breeding of "maze-bright" and "maze-dull" rats demonstrates the interaction of genetic factors and experience.
- Phenylketonuria is a single-gene metabolic disorder that has informed our understanding of the genetics of behavior.
Figure 2.20: Selective Breeding
- Figure 2.20 illustrates the selective breeding of maze-bright and maze-dull strains of rats by Tryon (1934).
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Description
This quiz covers chapter 2 of Biopsychology 11th edition, focusing on evolution, genetics, and experience in understanding the biology of behavior.
