Biopsychology Chapter 2
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of Chapter 2 in the provided text?

  • The history of psychology
  • The role of environment in behavior
  • The biological basis of behavior (correct)
  • The principles of learning and memory

    • What is the main drawback of traditional physiological–psychological and nature–nurture dichotomies?

  • They are too time-consuming
  • They are too expensive
  • They are too complex
  • They are too simplistic (correct)

    • What is the significance of social dominance and courtship displays in evolutionary theory?

  • They are a sign of aggression
  • They are important for survival and reproduction (correct)
  • They are irrelevant to evolution
  • They are a sign of submission

    • What is the pathway of evolution described in the chapter?

    <p>From single-cell organisms to humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Mendel's work with pea plants?

    <p>It informed us about the mechanisms of inheritance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of gene expression?

    <p>The expression of genes into phenotypes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is epigenetics, and how has it transformed our understanding of genetics?

    <p>It is the study of gene expression, and it has shown that genetics are not fixed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What insights into the genetics of behavior were gained from early research on selective breeding?

    <p>That genetics play a significant role in behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of chordates?

    <p>They have dorsal nerve cords</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an advantage of bony fishes leaving the water?

    <p>They have access to fresh water and new terrestrial food sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is shown in Figure 2.6?

    <p>A recently discovered fossil of a missing evolutionary link</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of reptiles?

    <p>They lay shell-covered eggs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When did the first Homo species emerge from a species of Australopithecus?

    <p>Over 2 million years ago</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of mammals?

    <p>They develop mammary glands to nurture young</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genus of humans?

    <p>Homo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When did Homo sapiens emerge?

    <p>275,000 years ago</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main issue with traditional dichotomies in understanding the biology of behavior?

    <p>They oversimplify the complex interactions between genes and environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the deficiency in awareness of one's own body parts?

    <p>Asomatognosia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of classic research on phenylketonuria (PKU)?

    <p>The genetics of behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of distinguishing between the development of individuals and the development of individual differences?

    <p>To understand how individuals develop and how individual differences arise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main limitation of heritability estimates?

    <p>They are often misinterpreted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can twin studies be used to study the interaction of genes and experience?

    <p>By comparing identical twins to fraternal twins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the philosophical perspective that separates the mind and body?

    <p>Cartesian dualism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Figure 2.1?

    <p>The areas of the brain damaged in asomatognosia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the implications of DNA methylation and histone remodeling on gene expression?

    <p>They can either decrease or increase gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of Figure 2.19?

    <p>Histone remodeling and DNA methylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the 'maze-bright' and 'maze-dull' rats in the context of genetics?

    <p>They are an example of selective breeding and the interaction of genetic factors and experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of rearing maze-dull rats in an enriched environment, as shown in Figure 2.21?

    <p>They do not make significantly more errors than maze-bright rats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general concept that DNA methylation and histone remodeling are related to?

    <p>Gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the work by Tryon (1934) mentioned in the text?

    <p>It is a classic example of selective breeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between DNA methylation and gene expression?

    <p>It can either increase or decrease gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of histone remodeling and DNA methylation?

    <p>They are both related to gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the physical expression of a trait?

    <p>Phenotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during meiosis?

    <p>Cell division that produces gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for two genes that control the same trait?

    <p>Alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of fertilization?

    <p>A zygote with 23 pairs of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an individual with two identical alleles for a particular trait?

    <p>Homozygous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dominant trait in the example of seed color in pea plants?

    <p>Brown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are genes located in humans?

    <p>On chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the genetic makeup of an individual?

    <p>Genotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Evolution, Genetics, and Experience

    • Learning objectives for the chapter include describing the origins of physiological-psychological and nature-nurture dichotomies, explaining why traditional dichotomies are flawed, and describing the origins of evolutionary theory.

    The Origins of Dichotomous Thinking

    • The physiological-psychological dichotomy originated from the debate between science and religion, leading to Cartesian dualism.
    • The nature-nurture dichotomy emerged from the debate between behaviorism and ethology.

    Problems with Traditional Dichotomies

    • Problem 1: Asomatognosia, a deficiency in awareness of one's own body parts, often involves damage to the right frontal and parietal lobes.
    • Figure 2.1 illustrates the damage associated with asomatognosia.

    Course of Human Evolution

    • The evolution of vertebrates involved the development of chordates with dorsal nerve cords and vertebrates with spinal bones.
    • Amphibians evolved from bony fishes leaving water, offering advantages such as fresh water and new terrestrial food sources.
    • Reptiles evolved from amphibians, laying shell-covered eggs and developing dry scales.
    • Mammals evolved from reptiles, developing mammary glands to nurture young and raising young in the mother's body.
    • Humans emerged from the order primates, with the genus Homo emerging from Australopithecus over 2 million years ago, and Homo sapiens emerging 275,000 years ago.

    Mendelian Genetics

    • True-breeding lines involve white (ww) and brown (BB) traits, with brown being dominant.
    • The genotype (Bw) determines the phenotype (brown seeds).
    • Figure 2.14 illustrates Mendel's theory in action, showing how the genotype determines the phenotype.
    • Each inherited factor is a gene, with alleles controlling the same trait, and homozygous/heterozygous describing the combination of alleles.

    Chromosomes

    • Genes are located on chromosomes, with humans having 23 pairs of chromosomes, each with an allele.
    • Meiosis produces gametes (egg and sperm cells), while mitosis is involved in all other cell division.
    • Fertilization involves the attachment of sperm cells to the surface of an egg cell.

    Modern Genetics: Growth of Epigenetics

    • Advances in epigenetics include the recognition of non-gene DNA, multiple RNA types, advances in gene expression, and the discovery of epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation and histone remodeling.

    Selective Breeding of "Maze-Bright" and "Maze-Dull" Rats

    • Selective breeding of "maze-bright" and "maze-dull" rats demonstrates the interaction of genetic factors and experience.
    • Phenylketonuria is a single-gene metabolic disorder that has informed our understanding of the genetics of behavior.

    Figure 2.20: Selective Breeding

    • Figure 2.20 illustrates the selective breeding of maze-bright and maze-dull strains of rats by Tryon (1934).

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    This quiz covers chapter 2 of Biopsychology 11th edition, focusing on evolution, genetics, and experience in understanding the biology of behavior.

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