Biopolymer Structure and Monomer Chemistry
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Questions and Answers

What type of structure can linear informational biopolymers form in some cases?

  • Linear structures
  • Circular structures (correct)
  • Spiral structures
  • Branched structures

    • Which of the following correctly describes the joining sites of the monomers in informational biopolymers?

  • Both sites are identical
  • There are three different joining sites
  • A can join with A and B can join with B
  • The 5’ phosphate can join with the 3’ OH (correct)

    • What is the direction of polymer growth for nucleic acids?

  • To the 5’ end
  • Circularly
  • Bidirectional
  • To the 3’ end (correct)

    • What element forms the backbone of nucleic acid polymers?

    <p>Pentose sugar phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the asymmetry of informational biopolymer monomers?

    <p>Monomers have two different joining sites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical chain length range for RNA?

    <p>~20 to ~1000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the temperature at which DNA is one-half melted?

    <p>Tm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nucleotides differ from each other primarily in what aspect?

    <p>Presence of different heterocyclic bases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the 2’ hydroxyl significant in ribose compared to deoxyribose?

    <p>It differentiates RNA from DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bond holds the two strands of DNA together?

    <p>Hydrogen bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two DNA strands described as in relation to their orientation?

    <p>Antiparallel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which base pairs have three hydrogen bonds?

    <p>G-C pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during DNA melting?

    <p>Strands separate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of DNA structure is typically right-handed?

    <p>B DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might DNA have a higher melting temperature?

    <p>Higher proportion of G-C pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of DNA-binding proteins in relation to DNA?

    <p>They can identify specific sequences without separating the strands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the information contained within an informational biopolymer?

    <p>The order of the monomer units</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic distinguishes informational biopolymers from other types of polymers?

    <p>They have a unique sequence of different monomers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the common element in the structure of informational biopolymers?

    <p>To form the polymer backbone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are informational biopolymers categorized as linear rather than branched?

    <p>They are formed by monomers with two joining sites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would happen if a monomer has only one joining site in its common element?

    <p>Only two monomer units could be linked</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of polymers can cells create if the monomer has three joining sites?

    <p>Branched polymers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the linear structure of informational biopolymers benefit scientific research?

    <p>It results in more efficient packaging and handling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred about the relationship between the sequence of monomers and the type of information in the polymer?

    <p>Different sequences result in different information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the main classes of amino acids?

    <p>Their chemical properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many hydrophobic amino acids are there among the main classes of amino acids?

    <p>8 amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the next amino acid get added in a growing protein chain?

    <p>At the carboxyl end</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What form are nucleotide monomers in before being incorporated into a nucleic acid chain?

    <p>Nucleoside triphosphates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a nucleoside triphosphate?

    <p>dDT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the outer two phosphates when a nucleoside triphosphate is incorporated into a growing chain?

    <p>They are released</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for energized monomers to join a growing chain?

    <p>Specific enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of tRNA in protein synthesis?

    <p>To carry amino acids to ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason that DNA has greater stability compared to RNA?

    <p>Absence of a 2’-OH group in DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is crucial for the formation of the phosphodiester bond in nucleic acids?

    <p>Hydroxyl group at the 3’ end</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes DNA from RNA in terms of nucleotide composition?

    <p>Presence of thymine instead of uracil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What terminus of a protein chain is responsible for the growth of the polymer?

    <p>Carboxyl terminus (COOH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic of amino acids is critical for their role in protein synthesis?

    <p>The diverse side chains (R groups)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of molecular structure, which of the following best describes the bond that links adjacent nucleotides in DNA?

    <p>Phosphodiester bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the polarity of a short DNA molecule?

    <p>It has both a 5’ end and a 3’ end</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the 5’ phosphate play in DNA synthesis?

    <p>It allows for the attachment of the next nucleotide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Biopolymer Structure

    • Biopolymers are covalent-bonded chains of monomers.
    • Informational polymers have more than one monomer type.
    • The order of monomers is the information (sequence).
    • DNA, RNA, and protein are informational biopolymers.

    Monomer Structure

    • Informational biopolymer monomers have a common, generic structure with a common element shared by all monomers.
    • A distinctive "characteristic" element distinguishes each monomer.
    • The common element forms the backbone via covalent bonds between monomers.
    • The characteristic elements form side chains.

    Polymer Structure

    • Polymer structure depends on monomer chemistry.
    • If a monomer has one joining site, only two monomers bond. This doesn't create a polymer.
    • Two joining sites allow for potentially infinite-length linear polymers.
    • Three joining sites create branched polymers.
    • Informational biopolymers are linear, not branched.
    • Linear polymers have one 5' end and one 3' end that are chemically distinct.
    • Chain growth is unidirectional.

    Nucleotides

    • Two major monomer units are nucleotides and amino acids.
    • Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) use nucleotides.
    • Protein uses amino acids.
    • The characteristic element in a nucleotide is a heterocyclic base.
    • The common element that forms the polymer backbone is a pentose sugar-phosphate.
    • Pentose sugars are 5-carbon sugars.
    • Example: ribose in RNA, and deoxyribose in DNA.
    • The joining sites are the 5' phosphate and the 3' hydroxyl group.
    • Nucleic acid polymerization always adds monomers at the 3' end.
    • DNA and RNA nucleotides are similar but differ in the pentose sugar. Deoxyribose lacks the 2' hydroxyl of ribose.
    • Uracil (U) is found in RNA; Thymine (T) is found in DNA.
    • The nucleotides also contain a phosphate group.
    • Important bases: adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), Thymine (T).

    Amino Acids

    • The characteristic element in an amino acid is the side chain (R).
    • The common element is a central carbon bonded to an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), and a hydrogen atom, and the side chain.
    • Only L-amino acids are used in protein synthesis.
    • Joining sites are the amino group (NH2) and the carboxyl group (COOH).
    • Protein polymerization always adds monomers to the carboxyl end.
    • Proteins have 20 amino acids.
    • Proteins can be divided into hydrophobic, hydrophilic, and special groups based on side-chain properties.

    General

    • Monomers are energized to be incorporated into polymer chains.

    • Nucleotide monomers are in the form of nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs).

    • Amino acid monomers are in the form of aminoacyl-tRNA esters, which are high energy.

    • Enzymatic catalysis is required for linking monomers. The linking reaction is catalyzed by a specific enzyme associated with a template molecule.

    • Template molecules direct enzyme action for monomer incorporation.

    • Two main template molecules for enzyme action include DNA and mRNA.

    • RNA and protein tend to be single polymer chains. DNA tends to be double-stranded.

    • DNA in a double-stranded structure can be separated and re-associated via bonds between complementary bases.

    • DNA denaturation and renaturation occurs during replication and transcription.

    • DNA denaturation is also used in experimental molecular biology and genomics.

    • The melting temperature (Tm) of DNA depends on base composition. High G-C content has a higher melting temperature.

    • DNA can bend. This is important for DNA-protein interactions and folding.

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    BIOL 200 Building Blocks and Linear Biopolymers Lecture Aug 30, 2024 PDF

    Description

    Explore the key concepts of biopolymer structure and the chemistry of monomers in this quiz. Understand how informational polymers are formed and the significance of their distinctive elements and joining sites. Test your knowledge about DNA, RNA, and the structural characteristics that define these biopolymers.

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