Biophysics of Blood Flow
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Questions and Answers

Which layer of blood vessels contains concentric layers of smooth muscle cells?

  • Tunica intima
  • Tunica externa
  • Capillaries
  • Tunica media (correct)

What is the primary site of systemic vascular resistance?

  • Arterioles (correct)
  • Arteries
  • Veins
  • Capillaries

Which layer of blood vessels is composed of strong connective tissue?

  • Capillaries
  • Tunica intima
  • Tunica externa (correct)
  • Tunica media

Which type of blood vessels have much thicker walls compared to veins?

<p>Arteries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do endothelial cells secrete to modulate contraction of smooth muscle cells?

<p>Both vasodilators and vasoconstrictors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During atherogenesis, where can smooth muscle cells migrate to?

<p>Tunica intima (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which blood vessels are subjected to greater pressure changes and contain an abundance of elastic fibers?

<p>Arteries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chamber of the heart does the pulmonary circulation originate from?

<p>Right ventricle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the pulmonary circulation?

<p>To oxygenate blood and remove carbon dioxide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which segment of the vascular system has lower pressure and vascular resistance compared to the systemic circuit?

<p>Pulmonary circulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the systemic circulation?

<p>To carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues for elimination from the lungs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chamber of the heart does the systemic circulation start from?

<p>Left ventricle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of blood flow redistribution in the systemic circulation?

<p>To ensure blood is directed to areas with greater metabolic need during times of increased activity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which segment of the vascular system receives output from the left ventricle and branches into numerous parallel vascular circuits?

<p>Aorta (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common symptom of arterial wall becoming less compliant?

<p>Decrease in systolic blood pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of blood vessels are more compliant than arteries?

<p>Veins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the circulating blood volume is typically stored at relatively low pressures in the systemic veins and venules?

<p>60% to 68% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which blood vessels is the blood flow velocity the highest?

<p>Aorta and large arteries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most important biochemical mediator produced by endothelial cells and smooth muscle layers?

<p>Nitric oxide (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a hallmark of endothelial dysfunction that accompanies atherosclerosis?

<p>Decreased nitric oxide production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common site of atherosclerosis, in order of frequency?

<p>Coronary arteries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are highly dysfunctional in atherosclerosis?

<p>Endothelial cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the rapid formation of a large thrombus that completely occludes the artery?

<p>Infarction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can cause the rapid expansion of a plaque and more severe narrowing of the artery lumen?

<p>Internal hemorrhages from blood vessels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) in atherosclerosis?

<p>Mediate degradation of extracellular matrix (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the lipid arc in atherosclerosis?

<p>The widest arc demarcating a signal poor region with diffuse borders (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can cause vulnerable plaques to rupture?

<p>Inflammatory cytokines (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can heal ruptured plaques in atherosclerosis?

<p>Fibrosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of inflammatory cytokines in atherosclerosis?

<p>Stimulate local foam cells to secrete collagen- and elastin-degrading MMP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the presence of necrotic lipid pools in atherosclerosis?

<p>Quantified based on the number of quadrants occupied (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Tunica media

Smooth muscle layer in blood vessels.

Systemic vascular resistance

Primary resistance in arterioles.

Tunica externa

Strong connective tissue layer.

Artery walls

Much thicker than vein walls.

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Nitric Oxide

Secreted by endothelial cells, affects muscle contraction.

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Smooth Muscle Migration

Smooth muscle cells move to inner layer during atherogenesis.

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Elastic Arteries

High pressure, elastic fibers.

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Pulmonary Circulation

Oxygenates blood, starts at right ventricle.

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Pulmonary Circulation Goal

Oxygenate deoxygenated blood.

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Systemic Circulation

Delivers oxygenated blood to body tissues, starts at left ventricle.

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Systemic Circulation Origin

Originates from the left ventricle.

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Blood flow redistribution

Increased blood flow to active tissues in systemic circulation.

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Venous System Pressure

Lower pressure and resistance compared to systemic..

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Artery Compliance

Less compliant than veins.

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Pulse Wave Velocity

Increased with less compliant arterial walls.

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Atherosclerosis

Endothelial dysfunction, lipid accumulation in artery walls.

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Atherosclerosis Common Site

Coronary arteries, then carotid and peripheral arteries.

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Atherosclerosis Dysfunction

Endothelial and smooth muscle dysfunction.

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Acute Myocardial Infarction

Complete artery blockage leading to heart attack.

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Vulnerable Plaque Rupture

Rapid plaque expansion, severe narrowing.

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MMP in Atherosclerosis

Matrix metalloproteinases degrade extracellular matrix.

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Lipid Arc

Characteristic feature of atherosclerosis.

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Study Notes

Blood Vessels

  • Concentric layers of smooth muscle cells are found in the tunica media layer of blood vessels.
  • The primary site of systemic vascular resistance is the arterioles.
  • The tunica externa layer of blood vessels is composed of strong connective tissue.

Arteries vs. Veins

  • Arteries have much thicker walls compared to veins.

Endothelial Cells

  • Endothelial cells secrete nitric oxide to modulate contraction of smooth muscle cells.

Atherogenesis

  • During atherogenesis, smooth muscle cells can migrate to the intima layer.

Blood Pressure

  • Elastic arteries, such as the aorta, are subjected to greater pressure changes and contain an abundance of elastic fibers.

Pulmonary Circulation

  • The pulmonary circulation originates from the right ventricle of the heart.
  • The primary goal of the pulmonary circulation is to oxygenate deoxygenated blood.

Systemic Circulation

  • The systemic circulation originates from the left ventricle of the heart.
  • The function of the systemic circulation is to deliver oxygenated blood to the body's tissues.
  • The systemic circulation starts from the left ventricle and branches into numerous parallel vascular circuits.
  • Blood flow redistribution in the systemic circulation allows for increased blood flow to active tissues.

Blood Vessels and Pressure

  • The venous system has lower pressure and vascular resistance compared to the systemic circuit.
  • Arteries are less compliant than veins.

Arterial Disease

  • A common symptom of arterial wall becoming less compliant is increased pulse wave velocity.
  • Atherosclerosis is characterized by endothelial dysfunction and the accumulation of lipids in the artery wall.
  • The most common site of atherosclerosis, in order of frequency, is the coronary arteries, followed by the carotid and peripheral arteries.
  • Endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells are highly dysfunctional in atherosclerosis.
  • The formation of a large thrombus that completely occludes the artery can result in acute myocardial infarction.
  • The rapid expansion of a plaque and more severe narrowing of the artery lumen can be caused by the rupture of vulnerable plaques.
  • Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) play a role in atherosclerosis by degrading the extracellular matrix.
  • The lipid arc is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis.
  • Vulnerable plaques can rupture due to inflammation and thinning of the fibrous cap.
  • Ruptured plaques in atherosclerosis can be healed by the formation of a fibrous cap.
  • Inflammatory cytokines promote the development of atherosclerosis.
  • The presence of necrotic lipid pools in atherosclerosis can lead to the formation of a lipid core.

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Description

Test your knowledge of arterial and venous compliance, blood pressure, and blood flow velocity with this quiz. Explore the biophysics of flow velocity and understand the elastic recoil of blood vessels.

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