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Questions and Answers
What is the conversion formula from Celsius to Kelvin?
What is the conversion formula from Celsius to Kelvin?
What are the calibration points for the Kelvin scale?
What are the calibration points for the Kelvin scale?
What is an advantage of using simple thermocouples?
What is an advantage of using simple thermocouples?
What property of simple thermocouples increases as temperature rises?
What property of simple thermocouples increases as temperature rises?
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What is the steam point in Fahrenheit?
What is the steam point in Fahrenheit?
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What does thermodynamics primarily focus on?
What does thermodynamics primarily focus on?
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Which statement best defines heat in thermodynamics?
Which statement best defines heat in thermodynamics?
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What does thermal equilibrium indicate?
What does thermal equilibrium indicate?
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According to the Zeroth law of thermodynamics, if objects A and B are in equilibrium with object C, what can be inferred?
According to the Zeroth law of thermodynamics, if objects A and B are in equilibrium with object C, what can be inferred?
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Which of the following temperature scales is based on the freezing and boiling points of water?
Which of the following temperature scales is based on the freezing and boiling points of water?
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Study Notes
Biophysics First Level 2024-2025
- Course code: FAC-104
- Lecturers: Dr. Nermin Ali, Dr. Enas Lotfy
- Lecture number: 2
- Topic: Heat and Thermodynamics
Heat and Thermodynamics
- Thermodynamics: The study of the relationship between heat, work, temperature, and energy. It involves the transfer of energy between different systems and forms.
- Heat: A form of energy transfer caused by a temperature difference between a system and its surroundings.
- Temperature: A measure of the internal energy of a system, interpreted as the average kinetic energy of its particles.
- Thermal equilibrium: A state where two objects no longer exchange energy by heat or radiation if brought into contact.
Definitions
- Temperature: A measure of the internal energy of a system.
- Heat: Energy transfer due to a temperature difference.
- Thermal equilibrium: A state where no net energy transfer occurs between two objects in contact.
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
- Objects A and B are separately in thermal equilibrium with a third object C, then A and B are also in thermal equilibrium with each other.
Thermometers
- Devices for measuring temperature.
- Different types use varying physical properties (volume, color, dimension, resistance) which change with temperature.
Temperature Scales
- Different scales exist (Celsius, Kelvin, Fahrenheit)
- Each scale is based on two fixed points: the freezing and boiling points of pure water.
Temperature Scale Conversion
- Formulas for converting between Celsius, Kelvin, and Fahrenheit are provided.
Thermometers and Temperature Scales
- The relationship between temperature, molecular motion, and absolute zero are discussed.
Constant Volume Gas Thermometers
- Pressure increases with temperature at constant volume
- Absolute zero is the theoretical point where molecular motion stops (-273°C/0°K).
- Formulas for pressure and temperature relationship are presented
Clinical Thermometer
- Used for measuring human body temperature.
- Typical range 35-42°C
- Mercury is the liquid typically used
- The glass wall is thin, enabling quick response, reflecting rapid heat transfer
Platinum Resistance Thermometer
- Resistance changes with temperature
- Use the platinum wire in a Wheatstone Bridge.
- The resistance (R) changes proportionally with temperature (T) in relation to other constants.
- Large temperature range is a key advantage (-250°C to 1250°C).
Thermocouples
- Generate an electromotive force (EMF) when dissimilar metals are in contact.
- The magnitude of the EMF depends on the temperature difference.
- Useful for temperature measurement.
- Often include two wires of different metals joined together, connected to a voltmeter
Simple Thermocouples
- Several configurations can measure temperature using different metal pairings.
- Readings on a voltmeter increase as temperature rises.
Advantages of Thermocouples
- Wide temperature range (-200 to 1500°C)
- Easy to use and inexpensive
- Can measure rapidly fluctuating temperatures.
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts from the biophysics course on heat and thermodynamics, including the definitions of heat, temperature, and thermal equilibrium. Students will explore the fundamental principles that govern energy transfer and the relationships between various thermal properties. Prepare to test your understanding of thermodynamic concepts and laws.
