Questions and Answers
What are the basic life functions represented by MR SHENG?
What is the main difference in DNA structure between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes have naked circular DNA while eukaryotes have linear DNA.
Which of the following is not a function of proteins as described by SHITS ME?
What does ICE AGE represent in the context of natural selection?
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What are the symptoms of rickets as listed under BADGES?
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What are the features of villi as represented by MR SLIM?
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The four main orders of the intestines in the correct sequence are: duodenum, ______, ______.
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Transport proteins are responsible for facilitated diffusion and active transport.
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What is one piece of evidence for endosymbiosis?
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What are the functions of mitosis as described by RAGE?
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What are the functions of lipids represented by SHIPS?
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Which of the following statements about carbohydrates compared to lipids is true?
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What do the terms catabolism and anabolism refer to?
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The hierarchy of taxa starts with ______ and ends with ______.
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What processes are involved in aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
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Study Notes
Basic Life Functions
- MR SHENG mnemonic encapsulates seven essential functions of life:
- Metabolism involves essential chemical reactions.
- Reproduction can be sexual or asexual to produce offspring.
- Sensitivity denotes responsiveness to both internal and external stimuli.
- Homeostasis maintains a stable internal environment.
- Excretion involves the removal of waste products.
- Nutrition signifies the exchange of materials and gases with the environment.
- Growth indicates the ability to change in size or shape.
Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
- DORA is a mnemonic for comparing prokaryotic and eukaryotic characteristics:
- DNA: Prokaryotes contain naked circular DNA, while eukaryotes have linear DNA.
- Organelles: Prokaryotes have fewer and smaller organelles (e.g., 70s ribosomes).
- Reproduction: Prokaryotes reproduce via binary fission; eukaryotic reproduction is more complex.
- Average Size: Prokaryotes are generally smaller than eukaryotes.
Interphase Functions
- DOCTOR highlights key processes in interphase:
- DNA Replication occurs during the S phase.
- Organelle Duplication ensures daughter cells have necessary components.
- Cell Growth increases cytoplasmic volume.
- Transcription/Translation synthesizes essential proteins and enzymes.
- Obtain Nutrients to prepare for cell division.
- Respiration provides ATP for cell division.
Protein Types: Fibrous vs Globular
- SPADES acronym outlines the distinguishing features of proteins:
- Shape: Fibrous proteins are elongated; globular proteins are spherical.
- Purpose: Fibrous proteins provide structural support; globular proteins have metabolic functions.
- Acid Sequence: Differences in amino acid sequences define protein function.
- Durability: Fibrous proteins are typically more durable than globular ones.
- Examples: Keratin (fibrous), enzymes like catalase (globular).
- Solubility: Globular proteins are generally soluble, fibrous proteins are not.
Protein Functions
- SHITS ME lists diverse roles of proteins:
- Structure: e.g., collagen and spider silk.
- Hormones: e.g., insulin and glucagon.
- Immunity: e.g., immunoglobulins.
- Transport: e.g., haemoglobin.
- Sensation: e.g., rhodopsin for vision.
- Movement: e.g., actin and myosin in muscle contraction.
- Enzymes: e.g., Rubisco and catalase facilitating biochemical reactions.
Natural Selection
- ICE AGE summarizes principles of natural selection:
- Inherited Variation creates diversity within a population.
- Competition arises from an overproduction of offspring.
- Environmental Pressures influence differential reproduction.
- Adaptations enhance survival chances and are favored.
- Genotype Frequency changes as adaptations persist over generations.
- Evolution modifies the population over time.
Rickets Symptoms
- BADGES describes symptoms associated with rickets:
- Bone Fragility leading to frequent fractures.
- Atrophy affecting muscular development.
- Dental Problems and decay.
- Growth Retardation resulting in stunted growth.
- Enlarged Liver and Spleen due to metabolic issues.
- Skeletal Deformities visible in bone structure.
Features of Villi
- MR SLIM identifies key features of intestinal villi:
- Microvilli: Increase surface area for absorption.
- Rich Blood Supply ensures efficient nutrient transport.
- Single Layer Epithelium minimizes diffusion distance.
- Lacteals: Absorb lipids into the lymphatic system.
- Intestinal Glands: Release digestive enzymes.
- Membrane Proteins: Facilitate transport into cells.
Order of Intestines
- "Demons Judge Idiots" outlines intestinal order:
- Duodenum
- Jejunum
- Ileum
Membrane Protein Functions
- JET RAT details functions of membrane proteins:
- Junctions connect cells.
- Enzymes localize metabolic processes.
- Transport enables facilitated diffusion and active transport.
- Recognition marks cells for identification.
- Anchorage attaches cytoskeleton components.
- Transduction acts as receptors for signaling.
Evidence for Endosymbiosis
- MAD DOCTOR outlines evidence supporting the endosymbiotic theory:
- Membranes: Presence of double membranes.
- Antibiotics: Some organelles are susceptible.
- Division: Similar replication modes to bacteria.
- DNA: Unique structures and composition similar to prokaryotes.
- Ribosomes: Affinity with prokaryotic ribosome size.
Mitosis Functions
- RAGE describes the roles of mitosis in development:
- Repair/Replacement of damaged cells.
- Asexual Reproduction in plants via vegetative propagation.
- Growth through new cell generation.
- Development of embryos from zygotes.
Lipid Functions
- SHIPS highlights various roles of lipids:
- Energy Storage for long-term use.
- Hormonal Roles via steroid structures.
- Insulation for thermal and electrical protection.
- Protection for internal organs with fat deposits.
- Structural Components of cell membranes.
Sugar vs Lipids
- SODAS compares carbohydrates and lipids:
- Storage: Lipids are more efficient for long-term storage.
- Osmolality: Lipids exert less osmotic pressure than sugars.
- Digestion: Carbohydrates are easier to digest.
- ATP Yield: Lipids provide more energy per gram.
- Solubility: Carbohydrates are more soluble in blood.
ATP Uses
- BANG ME details key functions of ATP:
- Biosynthesis of macromolecules for cell structure.
- Active Transport processes across membranes.
- Nerve Transmission during action potential propagation.
- Growth and Repair through mitotic division.
- Movement in muscle contractions.
- Emission of Light in bioluminescent organisms.
Antibody Functions
- PANIC summarizes the roles of antibodies:
- Precipitation makes pathogens insoluble.
- Agglutination clumps pathogens for removal.
- Neutralisation blocks toxic effects of pathogens.
- Inflammation triggers the body's immune response.
- Complement Activation helps in lysing target cells.
Symptoms of Vitamin C Deficiency
- SHADES presents symptoms of Scurvy due to Vitamin C deficiency:
- Skin Discolouration and bruising.
- Hemorrhaging in tissues.
- Anaemia from low iron absorption.
- Dental Issues including bleeding gums.
- Exhaustion due to poor health.
- Swelling of Joints indicating inflammatory response.
Blood Content
- HANG U denotes components typically found in blood:
- Hormones
- Antibodies
- Nutrients
- Gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide.
- Urea as a waste product.
Structure of Villus Epithelium
- "Tiny Men Make Poop" describes villus structure:
- Tight Junctions maintain barrier and concentration gradients.
- Microvilli enhance surface area and aid in digestion.
- Mitochondria supply energy for transportation.
- Pinocytotic Vesicles facilitate rapid material uptake.
Gas Exchange in Lungs
- BLOC outlines how lungs maximize gas exchange:
- Blood-rich Capillary Network enhances gas exchange capacity.
- Liquid Layer aids diffusion of dissolved gases.
- One Cell Thick reduces diffusion distances.
- Circular Structure increases surface area available for exchange.
Order of Mitosis
- "Preposterous Men Avoid Toddlers" lists phases of mitosis:
- Prophase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase
Walls of Small Intestine
- "Shy Monks Shunned Milk" describes intestinal wall layers:
- Serosa
- Muscle Layers
- Submucosa
- Mucosa
Types of Metabolism
- "break-dancing cat" signifies catabolism: the breakdown of molecules for energy.
Types of Biosynthesis
- "anna the builder" signifies anabolism: the synthesis of compounds for cellular structures.
Biologically Important Elements
- "Cafe Naps" identifies essential elements:
- Ca (calcium)
- Fe (iron)
- Na (sodium)
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Description
This quiz focuses on the mnemonics used to remember the 7 basic life functions represented by the acronym MR SHENG. Each function such as Metabolism, Reproduction, and Homeostasis plays a crucial role in the characteristics of living organisms. Test your knowledge and enhance your understanding of these fundamental concepts!
