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Questions and Answers
What is the primary product of the Electron Transport Chain?
What is the primary product of the Electron Transport Chain?
Which type of reproduction produces genetically identical offspring?
Which type of reproduction produces genetically identical offspring?
Which type of fermentation occurs in muscles and can cause fatigue?
Which type of fermentation occurs in muscles and can cause fatigue?
What is the term for the development of unfertilized gametes?
What is the term for the development of unfertilized gametes?
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During which stage of development does the formation of germ layers occur?
During which stage of development does the formation of germ layers occur?
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What is the main subunit of carbohydrates?
What is the main subunit of carbohydrates?
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Which type of lipid can undergo hydrolysis?
Which type of lipid can undergo hydrolysis?
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What bond connects nucleotides in nucleic acids?
What bond connects nucleotides in nucleic acids?
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Which protein structure level involves the coiling of a polypeptide?
Which protein structure level involves the coiling of a polypeptide?
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What does ATP stand for in the context of energy currency?
What does ATP stand for in the context of energy currency?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of saturated fatty acids?
Which of the following is a characteristic of saturated fatty acids?
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Which law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed?
Which law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed?
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What is the primary function of proteins classified as functional proteins?
What is the primary function of proteins classified as functional proteins?
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What is the primary function of the prostate gland in the male reproductive system?
What is the primary function of the prostate gland in the male reproductive system?
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During which phase of the ovarian cycle does the corpus luteum secrete progesterone?
During which phase of the ovarian cycle does the corpus luteum secrete progesterone?
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What occurs during the secretory phase of the uterine cycle?
What occurs during the secretory phase of the uterine cycle?
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At which stage does fertilization occur in human development?
At which stage does fertilization occur in human development?
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Which structure is formed during the cleavage stage of development?
Which structure is formed during the cleavage stage of development?
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What marks the beginning of pregnancy in human development?
What marks the beginning of pregnancy in human development?
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Which phase of the menstrual cycle occurs from days 1-5?
Which phase of the menstrual cycle occurs from days 1-5?
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What is a key characteristic of the growth stage in development?
What is a key characteristic of the growth stage in development?
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What is produced during glycolysis?
What is produced during glycolysis?
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What role does ATP synthase play in cellular respiration?
What role does ATP synthase play in cellular respiration?
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Which statement about the Krebs cycle is true?
Which statement about the Krebs cycle is true?
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What happens to chlorophyll when it absorbs light?
What happens to chlorophyll when it absorbs light?
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In photosynthesis, what are the main inputs?
In photosynthesis, what are the main inputs?
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What is the purpose of coupled reactions in biochemical processes?
What is the purpose of coupled reactions in biochemical processes?
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What process occurs in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts?
What process occurs in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts?
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Which coenzyme becomes NADH during cellular respiration?
Which coenzyme becomes NADH during cellular respiration?
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What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes monozygotic twins from dizygotic twins?
What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes monozygotic twins from dizygotic twins?
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Which part of a flower is responsible for producing pollen?
Which part of a flower is responsible for producing pollen?
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Which type of flower has both male and female reproductive structures?
Which type of flower has both male and female reproductive structures?
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In which life cycle is the dominant stage haploid?
In which life cycle is the dominant stage haploid?
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What defines a dioecious plant?
What defines a dioecious plant?
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Which structure in a flower attaches to the stigma during pollination?
Which structure in a flower attaches to the stigma during pollination?
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What is the main function of the ovule within a flower?
What is the main function of the ovule within a flower?
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Which of the following stages produces spores?
Which of the following stages produces spores?
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Study Notes
Biomolecules
- Carbohydrates are short-term energy stores found in plants.
- Monosaccharides are the subunits of sugar.
- A glycosidic bond connects monosaccharides.
- Glucose is found in bread.
- Fructose is found in fruits.
- Galactose is found in dairy products.
- Raffinose is found in beans, cabbages, and whole grains.
- Starch is found in wheat, rice, and potatoes.
Lipids
- Fatty acids are subunits of lipids.
- An ester bond connects fatty acids.
- Lipids are amphiphilic, meaning they have both a polar and nonpolar part.
- The polar head of a lipid is hydrophilic (attracted to water).
- The nonpolar tails of a lipid are hydrophobic (repelled by water).
- Non-saponifiable lipids cannot be broken down by hydrolysis.
- Saponifiable lipids can undergo hydrolysis.
- Nonpolar lipids (triglycerides) are used for energy storage.
- Polar lipids are used in cell membranes.
- Simple lipids are esters of fatty acids and alcohols.
- Fats are simple lipids.
- Waxes are simple lipids.
- Complex lipids include phospholipids, glycolipids, and sterols.
- Phospholipids contain nitrogen-containing bases.
- Glycolipids contain fatty acids, sphingosine, and carbohydrates.
- Sterols have a planar steroid ring (e.g., cholesterol).
- Other complex lipids include amino lipids.
- Fatty acids are carboxylic acids.
- Saturated fatty acids lack carbon-carbon double bonds (butter has higher melting points).
- Unsaturated fatty acids have more than one carbon-carbon double bond (margarine is a trans fat).
Nucleic Acids
- Nucleotides are the subunits of nucleic acids.
- Phosphodiester and hydrogen bonds are types of bonding in nucleic acids.
- Nucleic acids transfer genetic information.
- Nucleic acids synthesize proteins.
Proteins
- Amino acids are the subunits of proteins.
- The peptide bond connects amino acids.
- Proteins have structural and functional roles in organisms.
Photosynthesis
- The law of thermodynamics describes how energy behaves.
- Zeroth law: two systems in equilibrium with a third system are in thermal equilibrium.
- First law: energy cannot be created or destroyed.
- Second law: entropy of an isolated system always increases.
- Third law: entropy approaches zero as temperature approaches zero.
- ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is an energy currency.
- ATP supplies energy for cellular functions.
- Photosynthesis converts light energy to chemical energy using inputs like CO2 and H2O.
- Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b absorb red and blue light; green light is reflected.
- Light reactions occur in the thylakoid.
- Photophosphorylation is ATP synthesis powered by light through chemiosmosis.
- Electrons flow through the Z-scheme, converting light to chemical energy (as reduced NADPH and ATP).
- Chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis.
- Chlorophyll a is the main photosynthetic pigment.
- Chlorophyll b is an accessory pigment.
- Dark reactions, or Calvin Cycle, occur in the stroma.
Cellular Respiration
- Cellular respiration converts chemical energy (food) into ATP.
- Cellular respiration involves oxygen consumption and CO2 release.
- Coenzymes in respiration include NAD+ (becomes NADH after picking up electrons and H+) and FAD+ (becomes FADH2 after reduction).
- Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm.
- Glycolysis is anaerobic (no oxygen needed).
- Glycolysis produces 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvates.
- Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
Reproduction
- Asexual reproduction involves one parent, producing genetically identical offspring (clones).
- Examples include fission, fragmentation and regeneration, budding, and sporulation.
- Sexual reproduction involves two parents, resulting in genetically diverse offspring.
- Types of gamete union include isogamy (similar gametes) and heterogamy/oogamy (dissimilar gametes).
- Hermaphrodites are organisms with both male and female reproductive organs.
- Parthenogenesis is development from an unfertilized egg.
Development
- Gastrulation involves the formation of germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm).
- Totipotent cells have the potential to differentiate into any cell type.
- Organogenesis is the development of organ systems.
- Human reproductive systems include male and female systems.
- Male systems include testes, epididymis, vas deferens, scrotum, urethra, seminal vesicle, prostate gland, and Cowper's glands.
- Female systems include ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina.
- Menstrual cycle includes ovarian cycle (follicular, ovulation, luteal phases) and uterine cycle (menstrual, proliferative, secretory phases).
- Fertilization occurs in the fallopian tubes.
- Cleavage is a series of mitotic divisions that form a blastula.
- Implantation is when the blastocyst attaches to the uterine wall.
- Gestation refers to the carrying of the embryo or fetus.
- Embryo develops into a fetus.
- Growth is an increase in size.
- Monozygotic twins result from the splitting of a single zygote (identical twins).
- Dizygotic twins result from the fertilization of two separate eggs (fraternal twins).
Parts of a Flower
- Sepals are the outermost whorl of a flower.
- Petals form the corolla.
- Stamen is the male part of the flower, including anther and filament.
- Pistil/carpel is the female part of the flower, including stigma, style, and ovary.
Types of Flowers
- Complete flowers contain sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.
- Incomplete flowers lack one or more of the whorls.
- Monoecious plants have separate male and female flowers on one plant.
- Dioecious plants have male and female flowers on different plants.
- Perfect/bisexual flowers contain both stamens and carpels.
- Imperfect/unisexual flowers have either stamens or carpels.
Plant Life Cycles
- Gametophyte produces gametes.
- Sporophyte produces spores.
- In haploid life cycles the dominant stage is the haploid gametophyte.
- In diplontic life cycles the dominant stage is the diploid sporophyte.
- In haplodiplontic life cycles both haploid and diploid stages are prominent.
Contraception
- Methods include hormonal, barrier, and surgical.
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Description
This quiz covers the basic concepts of biomolecules, focusing on carbohydrates and lipids. You'll learn about the structures, functions, and examples of these essential organic compounds found in living organisms. Test your knowledge on sugar subunits, fatty acids, and their roles in energy storage and cell structure.
