Biomolecules: Chemistry Foundation
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Questions and Answers

What is a characteristic of proteins?

  • High molecular masses expressed in kDa (correct)
  • Low molecular masses expressed in kDa
  • Low molecular masses expressed in grams
  • High molecular masses expressed in grams

    • What is the general term for carbohydrates that are covalently bonded to other biomolecules?

  • Bioconjugates (correct)
  • Polysaccharides
  • Glycoproteins
  • Glycolipids

    • What is the general term for lipids that show a dual nature with hydrophilic and lipophilic parts?

  • Monoglycerides
  • Amphiphilic lipids (correct)
  • Hydrophilic lipids
  • Lipophilic lipids

    • What is the building block of nucleic acids?

    <p>Nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for lipids that are derived from phosphoric acids and esterified with fatty acids?

    <p>Phospholipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the building blocks of larger molecules called polymers?

    <p>Monomers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a polymer?

    <p>Polysaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the study of the qualitative and quantitative analysis of biological activity and detection of biological molecules?

    <p>BioAnalytical Chemistry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following biomolecules includes lipids and derivatives?

    <p>Small molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the nitrogen-containing ring structure found in nucleotides?

    <p>Nitrogenous base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of insoluble carbohydrate polymers in cell walls?

    <p>To serve as structural and protective elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between RNA and DNA in terms of stability?

    <p>DNA is more stable than RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of molecules are formed when carbohydrate polymers are covalently attached to proteins or lipids?

    <p>Glycoproteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What comprises the lipophilic fraction of a biological sample?

    <p>Triglycerides, fatty acids, alcohols, sterols, and fat-soluble vitamins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of carbohydrate polymers in lubricating skeletal joints?

    <p>To reduce friction between moving joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which polysaccharides, nucleic acids, and proteins are formed?

    <p>Polymerization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the molecular weight of the monomers that make up macromolecules?

    <p>500 or less Da</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond links amino acids together in proteins?

    <p>Peptide bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the complex formed by the assembly of macromolecules?

    <p>Supramolecular complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the end of a polypeptide chain?

    <p>C-terminal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of quenching metabolism in metabolomics?

    <p>To stop or slow down the metabolic process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Approximately what percentage of total dry mass in cells are proteins?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated number of different proteins in the human body?

    <p>100,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process that converts CO2 and H2O into cellulose and other plant products?

    <p>Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term that describes the study of small molecules or metabolites within a biological sample?

    <p>Metabolomics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of carbohydrates in nature?

    <p>Plant products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ratio of proteins to other macromolecules in cells?

    <p>5:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term that describes the extraction of metabolites from a biological sample?

    <p>Extraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of stopping or slowing down metabolism in highly metabolically active systems?

    <p>To prevent sample degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the hemoglobin molecule's mass is made up of iron ions?

    <p>0.3%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the building blocks of DNA?

    <p>Nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical molecular weight range of small biomolecules in cells?

    <p>100 to 500 Da</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following biomolecules are often polyfunctional, containing two or more different kinds of functional groups?

    <p>Many biomolecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for large biomolecules composed of simpler subunits?

    <p>Macromolecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the biomolecule that is a carrier of acetyl groups in some enzymatic reactions?

    <p>Acetyl-CoA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four major classes of biomolecules that are important for all living things?

    <p>Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concentration range of small biomolecules in cells?

    <p>μmol to mmol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of biomolecules in the aqueous phase of cells?

    <p>Polar or charged and water-soluble</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of replacing hydrogen atoms with functional groups in hydrocarbons?

    <p>An increase in the variety of organic compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of denaturation of proteins?

    <p>pH changes, mercaptoethanol, detergents, urea/guanidine and heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the structure that conserves a native-like secondary structure content but without the tightly packed protein interior?

    <p>Molten globule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason why proline creates a bend in an α-helix?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of protein structure that describes the completely folded and compacted polypeptide chain?

    <p>Tertiary (3°) structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of molecular chaperones?

    <p>To restore proteins that have become misfolded</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of protein that contains polypeptide chains organized approximately parallel along a single axis?

    <p>Fibrous protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of heat-induced denaturation of proteins?

    <p>Exposure of non-polar segments to aqueous solvent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the association of polypeptide chains?

    <p>Quaternary (4°) structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the driving force behind the hydrophobic effect?

    <p>Decrease in entropy in water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of hydrophobic residues in globular proteins?

    <p>Inside the protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of 2,3-BPG in hemoglobin?

    <p>Decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of chaperones in protein folding?

    <p>To guide misfolded regions back into place</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between myoglobin and hemoglobin?

    <p>Myoglobin binds 1 O2 molecule, while hemoglobin binds 4 O2 molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of protein misfolding?

    <p>Loss of biological activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of hydrogen bonding in the β-pleated sheet?

    <p>To form a sheet-like structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the change in direction of a polypeptide chain?

    <p>β-Reverse turn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of pH changes on proteins?

    <p>Denaturation of proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of globular proteins?

    <p>They are soluble in water and have a spherical shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of cryo-electron microscopy?

    <p>To study the structure of proteins using complex computational processing algorithms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the non-covalent interactions that stabilize the tertiary structure of a protein?

    <p>Hydrogen bonds, electrostatic interactions, and hydrophobic interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 1° structure of a protein?

    <p>The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is responsible for the formation of α-helices in proteins?

    <p>Hydrogen bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the R groups of amino acids in an α-helix?

    <p>They stick outward from the α-helix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distance between each turn of the α-helix?

    <p>5.4 Å</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the number of amino acids per turn in an α-helix?

    <p>3.6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of structure is formed by a regular pattern of hydrogen bonds between the amide N-H and C=O groups of amino acids?

    <p>α-helix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bonds have free rotation in a protein?

    <p>Both of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of the hydrogen bonds in an α-helix?

    <p>Parallel to the axis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of hydrogen bonds in the formation of an α-helix?

    <p>They pull the polypeptide chain into a helical structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain read from?

    <p>N-terminal end to C-terminal end</p> Signup and view all the answers

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