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Questions and Answers
Which classification of carbohydrates consists of simple sugars with multiple OH groups?
Which classification of carbohydrates consists of simple sugars with multiple OH groups?
What is the molecular formula pattern for carbohydrates classified as Cn(H2O)n?
What is the molecular formula pattern for carbohydrates classified as Cn(H2O)n?
Which type of carbohydrate consists of 3 to 10 monosaccharides covalently linked?
Which type of carbohydrate consists of 3 to 10 monosaccharides covalently linked?
Which of the following statements about carbohydrates is NOT correct?
Which of the following statements about carbohydrates is NOT correct?
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Which of the following carbohydrates has the lowest molecular weight?
Which of the following carbohydrates has the lowest molecular weight?
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What is the primary function of Tollens reagent in organic chemistry?
What is the primary function of Tollens reagent in organic chemistry?
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Which term is used to describe a monosaccharide with four carbon atoms?
Which term is used to describe a monosaccharide with four carbon atoms?
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Which of the following is NOT an example of a mild oxidizing agent?
Which of the following is NOT an example of a mild oxidizing agent?
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What type of functional group does an aldohexose contain?
What type of functional group does an aldohexose contain?
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What type of glucose units do structural polysaccharides contain?
What type of glucose units do structural polysaccharides contain?
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What primarily distinguishes glycogen from amylopectin?
What primarily distinguishes glycogen from amylopectin?
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Which of the following sugars is not a ketopentose?
Which of the following sugars is not a ketopentose?
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What effect does the anomeric effect have on substituents on the anomeric carbon?
What effect does the anomeric effect have on substituents on the anomeric carbon?
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What kind of chains do long amylose molecules primarily form?
What kind of chains do long amylose molecules primarily form?
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What does the ‘D’ prefix in D-sugars indicate?
What does the ‘D’ prefix in D-sugars indicate?
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Which of the following polysaccharides contains a modified form of glucose?
Which of the following polysaccharides contains a modified form of glucose?
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Which monosaccharide serves as a template structure for D and L isomers?
Which monosaccharide serves as a template structure for D and L isomers?
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Gentobiose is formed as a product from the caramelization of which sugar?
Gentobiose is formed as a product from the caramelization of which sugar?
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Which of the following statements about chiral centers is true?
Which of the following statements about chiral centers is true?
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What distinguishes aldoses from ketoses in carbohydrates?
What distinguishes aldoses from ketoses in carbohydrates?
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What determines whether a hexose is classified as a D-sugar or an L-sugar?
What determines whether a hexose is classified as a D-sugar or an L-sugar?
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Which statement regarding epimers is true?
Which statement regarding epimers is true?
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What reaction occurs when an aldehyde is attacked by an alcohol?
What reaction occurs when an aldehyde is attacked by an alcohol?
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Which form of aldohexoses is preferred?
Which form of aldohexoses is preferred?
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How can aldoses be distinguished from ketoses?
How can aldoses be distinguished from ketoses?
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Which sugar is identified as the most stable aldohexose?
Which sugar is identified as the most stable aldohexose?
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What happens to the carbonyl carbon during the cyclization of sugars?
What happens to the carbonyl carbon during the cyclization of sugars?
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Which reagent can oxidize both aldoses and ketoses to aldolic acids?
Which reagent can oxidize both aldoses and ketoses to aldolic acids?
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Study Notes
Biomolecules - Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates, along with lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, are biomolecules crucial to living organisms.
- They are components of coenzymes, antibiotics, bacterial cell walls, and mammalian cell membranes.
- Carbohydrates function in energy storage, provide carbon for cell components, and serve as a form of stored chemical energy.
- They form structural components of nucleic acids (ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA).
- Natural materials such as cotton and linen, and wood, are composed of cellulose.
Carbohydrate Classification
- Carbohydrates are classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides based on their structure.
- Monosaccharides are simple sugars with multiple hydroxyl (-OH) groups.
- Disaccharides consist of two monosaccharides covalently linked.
- Oligosaccharides contain 3 to 10 monosaccharides linked.
- Polysaccharides are polymers made up of long chains of monosaccharides or disaccharides.
Monosaccharides
- Monosaccharides are classified by the number of carbon atoms (triose, tetrose, pentose, hexose).
- All carbohydrates initially have a carbonyl functional group (aldehyde or ketone).
- Aldoses have an aldehyde group.
- Ketoses have a ketone group.
- Glucose has 6 carbons and is an aldohexose.
- Fructose has 6 carbons and is a ketohexose.
Isomers
- Isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures.
- Constitutional isomers differ in connectivity of atoms.
- Stereoisomers have the same connectivity, but differ in the spatial arrangement of atoms.
- Epimers are diastereomers that differ in configuration at only one chiral center.
- D- and L- isomers are enantiomers with the same chiral centres. The OH group on the chiral carbons is on the same side in D or on the opposite side in L.
Cyclic Structures
- Monosaccharides usually exist as cyclic structures (pyranose or furanose) in solution.
- This cyclization of the carbonyl group forms hemiacetals or hemiketals.
- Ring closure creates a new chiral center known as the anomeric carbon.
- The ring forms can be α or β anomers.
Anomeric Carbon and Mutarotation
- The anomeric carbon is the carbon that was formerly the carbonyl carbon.
- α and β anomers interconvert in solution, a process called mutarotation, through the open chain form.
- The equilibrium percentage of each anomer is characteristic for each sugar.
Reactions of Monosaccharides
- Reactions involve oxidation (e.g., to aldonic, uronic, aldaric acid), reduction (to alditols), and acylation.
- Epimerization is a change in configuration about a certain carbon.
- A reducing sugar can reduce Ag+ or Cu2+.
- These reactions happen with either aldehyde or ketone groups. Some carbohydrates need to rearrange to an aldehyde group to react.
Disaccharides
- Disaccharides are formed by joining two monosaccharides with a glycosidic bond, which is formed from the anomeric carbon of one unit and a hydroxyl group on the other unit.
- Maltose, cellobiose, and lactose are example disaccharides.
Polysaccharides
- Polysaccharides differ depending on the type of monosaccharides and glycosidic bonds.
- Storage polysaccharides (starch, glycogen, amylopectin) are composed of α-glucose units.
- Structural polysaccharides (cellulose, chitin) are composed of β-glucose units.
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Description
Test your knowledge on carbohydrates, essential biomolecules crucial to life. This quiz covers their structure, classification, and functions, including energy storage and structural components in living organisms. Dive into the world of monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides.
