Biomolecules and Their Functions
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Questions and Answers

What are biomolecules?

Organic molecules produced by living organisms. Essential for life as they carry out various biological processes such as reproduction, growth, and sustenance.

What are the functions of proteins?

Proteins function as enzymes, hormones, and transporters, they are also essential for muscle growth. They are also components of enzymes, antibodies, hemoglobin, and keratin.

What is a coenzyme?

A non-protein molecule that binds to an enzyme and helps it function properly.

Vitamin B12 is primarily found in plant-based products.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of enzymes?

<p>To accelerate chemical reactions within living organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are the primary functions of enzymes? (Select all that apply).

<p>Increase the reaction rate (A), Maintain optimal temperature and pH (C), Lower the activation energy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of competitive inhibitors?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of coenzymes and cofactors?

<p>Assisting in substrate binding, providing additional chemical groups for catalysis, and stabilizing the enzyme structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of ATP hydrolysis?

<p>It releases a significant amount of energy which can be directly coupled to endergonic reactions for the necessary energy input.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary energy currency of cells?

<p>ATP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The electron transport chain pumps protons into the thylakoid lumen, which is essential for ATP synthesis through chemiosmosis.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Calvin cycle?

<p>To fix carbon dioxide from the atmosphere into organic molecules such as glucose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the enzyme responsible for fixing carbon dioxide?

<p>RuBisCO (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Aerobic respiration is less efficient and occurs when oxygen is not available.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a type of fermentation?

<p>Lactic acid fermentation (C), Alcoholic fermentation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of anaerobic respiration in training and competition?

<p>Anaerobic respiration is primarily used for short bursts of high-intensity exercise such as sprinting or weightlifting. It allows for rapid ATP production but is limited by the buildup of lactic acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Carbohydrates

Organic compounds serving as primary energy sources for living organisms.

Lipids

Organic compounds that store energy and provide insulation.

Proteins

Large molecules essential for various biological functions, including enzymes, hormones, and structural components.

Nucleic Acids

Organic molecules carrying genetic instructions, like DNA and RNA.

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Enzymes

Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms.

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Activation Energy

The energy needed to start a chemical reaction.

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Enzyme's Optimal Temperature

Temperature range where an enzyme works best.

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Enzyme Denaturation

Loss of enzyme structure and function due to extreme temperatures.

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Substrate Concentration

Amount of substrate molecules affecting enzyme activity.

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Competitive Inhibitors

Molecules that mimic substrates, blocking enzyme's active sites.

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Metabolic Pathway

A series of interconnected enzyme-catalyzed reactions in a cell.

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Coenzymes

Non-protein molecules aiding enzyme function.

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Cofactors

Non-protein molecules that aid enzyme activity.

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ATP-ADP Cycle

The continuous process of ATP production from ADP.

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Endergonic Reaction

A reaction requiring energy input.

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ATP Hydrolysis

Breakdown of ATP releasing energy.

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Vitamin B12

Essential vitamin primarily found in animal products.

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Vitamin A

Crucial for eyesight, aiding in vision in low light conditions.

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Vitamin B1

Supports carbohydrate energy conversion.

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Biomolecules

Organic molecules essential for life processes.

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Study Notes

Carbohydrates

  • Energy source, providing sustained energy
  • Include glucose, fructose, sucrose, starch, and cellulose
  • Examples: bread, pasta, rice, cereals, oats, almonds, and dried fruits

Lipids

  • Store energy and provide insulation
  • Examples include fats, oils, waxes, cholesterol, oils, avocados, and dark chocolates

Proteins

  • Function as enzymes, hormones, and transporters; crucial for muscle growth
  • Include enzymes, antibodies, hemoglobin, and keratin
  • Examples: meat, fish, dairy products, peanuts, soy products, almonds, and dried fruits

Biomolecules

  • Organic molecules produced by living organisms, essential for life
  • Crucial for biological processes like reproduction, growth, and sustenance

Nucleic Acids

  • Store and transmit genetic information
  • Include DNA and RNA

Vitamins

  • Often act as coenzymes, assisting enzymes in their function
  • Deficiency can disrupt enzyme function, leading to health problems
  • Vitamin B12 is crucial for vegans; deficiency relates to anemia and nerve damage
  • Vitamin A essential for vision, especially in low light
  • Vitamin B1 (thiamine) supports carbohydrate conversion to energy

Enzymes

  • Biological catalysts accelerating chemical reactions
  • Lower activation energy, increasing reaction rates
  • Function optimally at specific temperatures and pH
  • High temperatures cause denaturation, destroying enzyme structure and function.
  • Substrate concentration affects the rate of enzymatic reactions, up to a saturation point.

Coenzymes and Cofactors

  • Assist enzymes, contributing to substrate binding and providing crucial functional groups
  • Crucial for enzymatic function

ATP-ADP Cycle

  • ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a primary energy currency for cells
  • ADP (adenosine diphosphate) is a byproduct of ATP hydrolysis.
  • ATP synthesis is endergonic, requiring energy input, often from glucose breakdown
  • ATP hydrolysis releases the energy stored in phosphodiester bonds. A crucial process in essential cell functions.

Photosynthesis (Light Dependent Reaction Chloroplast)

  • Converts light energy into chemical energy
  • Water splitting is the first step, releasing H+ and electrons
  • Electrons move through an electron transport chain, creating a proton gradient
  • Oxygen produced as a byproduct
  • ATP and NADPH are generated; crucial for the Calvin cycle.

Calvin Cycle (Light Independent Reaction)

  • Fixes atmospheric CO2 into organic molecules (e.g., glucose).
  • RuBisCO (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) is crucial for fixing atmospheric carbon dioxide
  • The Calvin cycle plays a vital role in photosynthesis by converting inorganic carbon dioxide into organic compounds, crucial for plant growth.

Cellular Respiration

  • Aerobic: Breaks down glucose in the presence of oxygen
  • Includes glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain (ETC).
  • Anaerobic: Occurs in absence of oxygen
  • Includes glycolysis and fermentation; producing less ATP than aerobic respiration.
  • Lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation are examples of anaerobic respiration
  • Aerobic respiration is more efficient than anaerobic respiration, making ATP from glucose.

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Description

This quiz covers essential biomolecules including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and vitamins. Explore their roles in energy storage, genetic information, and biological processes crucial for life. Test your knowledge of examples and functions of these vital organic molecules.

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