Biomolecules and Carbohydrates Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the molecular formula of glucose?

  • C6H12O6 (correct)
  • C6H14O6
  • C6H10O6
  • C6H12O5

    • Which reaction indicates the presence of a carbonyl group in glucose?

  • Formation of pentaacetate
  • Formation of an oxime with hydroxylamine (correct)
  • Reduction to n-hexane
  • Reaction with nitric acid

    • What type of sugar is glucose classified as?

  • Disaccharide
  • Ketose
  • Polysaccharide
  • Aldose (correct)

    • How many hydroxyl (–OH) groups are present in glucose?

    <p>Five</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What compound is formed when glucose is oxidized with a mild oxidizing agent like bromine water?

    <p>Gluconic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evidence suggests that all six carbon atoms in glucose are linked in a straight chain?

    <p>Prolonged heating with HI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What product is obtained when glucose undergoes acetylation?

    <p>Glucose pentaacetate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of acid does glucose yield upon oxidation with nitric acid?

    <p>Saccharic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the cell is primarily responsible for the transmission of hereditary characteristics?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the cyclic form of fructose formed when —OH is added at C5?

    <p>Furanose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of nucleic acid is known for forming a double helix structure?

    <p>Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The basic structural units that make up nucleic acids are called what?

    <p>Nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of linkage connects the monosaccharides in sucrose?

    <p>Glycosidic linkage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is sucrose classified as a non-reducing sugar?

    <p>Its reducing groups are involved in glycosidic bond formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sugar component in DNA known as?

    <p>b-D-2-deoxyribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bases are involved in the complementary base pairing of DNA?

    <p>Thymine with Adenine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of hydrolyzing sucrose?

    <p>An equimolar mixture of glucose and fructose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes invert sugar produced from sucrose hydrolysis?

    <p>It exhibits a change in rotation from dextrorotatory to laevorotatory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What Nobel Prize did James Watson, Francis Crick, and Maurice Wilkins win in 1962?

    <p>Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Complete hydrolysis of DNA yields which of the following components?

    <p>Pentose sugar, phosphoric acid, and nitrogenous bases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disaccharide is composed of two glucose units linked together?

    <p>Maltose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process or field was significantly advanced by the discovery of the DNA structure?

    <p>Genetic engineering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which monosaccharide contributes a C1 position in the glycosidic bond of sucrose?

    <p>D-glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between reducing and non-reducing sugars?

    <p>Non-reducing sugars lack free carbonyl groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three types of RNA molecules?

    <p>m-RNA, r-RNA, t-RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant achievement is Har Gobind Khorana known for?

    <p>Cracking the genetic code</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following functions is NOT performed by DNA fingerprinting?

    <p>Cloning of DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of DNA makes it a reliable source for identification?

    <p>It is unique to each individual.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does secondary structure of RNA occur?

    <p>It is single-stranded and can fold back on itself.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of DNA in biology?

    <p>It serves as the chemical basis of heredity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Nobel Prize did Har Gobind Khorana share, and with whom?

    <p>Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology with Marshall Nirenberg and Robert Holley</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the major functions of nucleic acids in cells?

    <p>Protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way can DNA fingerprinting assist in investigations?

    <p>By comparing DNA from individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is released in response to high blood glucose levels?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of molecule is thyroxine derived from?

    <p>Amino acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by low levels of thyroxine?

    <p>Obesity and lethargy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do hormones like epinephrine and norepinephrine play in the body?

    <p>Mediating responses to stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way to prevent hypothyroidism caused by iodine deficiency?

    <p>Add sodium iodide to table salt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do insulin and glucagon work together in blood glucose regulation?

    <p>Insulin decreases and glucagon increases glucose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of hormones are estrogens and androgens classified as?

    <p>Steroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are glucocorticoids primarily responsible for in the body?

    <p>Controlling carbohydrate metabolism and stress responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is mainly responsible for the development of male secondary sexual characteristics?

    <p>Testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition may result from improper functioning of the adrenal cortex?

    <p>Addison's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do mineralocorticoids play in the body?

    <p>Controlling kidney water and salt excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of untreated Addison’s disease?

    <p>Fatal outcome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Estradiol is responsible for which of the following functions?

    <p>Development of female secondary sexual characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of monosaccharides?

    <p>They are single sugar units that can’t be broken down further</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes proteins?

    <p>They are polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Biomolecules

    • Biomolecules are the complex molecules found in living systems
    • They are composed of non-living atoms and molecules
    • Examples include carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, etc.
    • They interact with each other forming the basis of life processes.

    Carbohydrates

    • Primarily produced by plants
    • Commonly found in cane sugar, glucose, starch, etc.
    • General formula: Cx(H2O)y (hydrates of carbon)
    • Not all compounds with this formula are carbohydrates
    • Classified based on hydrolysis behavior

    Monosaccharides

    • Cannot be hydrolyzed further
    • Examples include glucose, fructose, ribose
    • Classified by carbon atoms and functional groups (aldose or ketose)

    Oligosaccharides

    • Yield 2-10 monosaccharides on hydrolysis
    • Includes disaccharides (e.g., sucrose), trisaccharides, etc.
    • Some examples are sucrose (glucose + fructose), maltose (glucose + glucose) and lactose (glucose + galactose)

    Polysaccharides

    • Yield many monosaccharides on hydrolysis
    • Examples are starch, cellulose, glycogen
    • Storage forms of carbohydrates in living organisms

    Glucose

    • A vital monosaccharide
    • Formula: C₆H₁₂O₆
    • Found naturally and in combined forms (e.g., starch, cellulose)
    • Structure exists both in linear and cyclic (ring) forms
    • Aldohexose meaning an aldehyde and 6-carbon sugar
    • Is optically active (rotates plane polarised light)
    • Can exist in both α and β forms (anomers)

    Fructose

    • An important ketohexose
    • Formula C₆H₁₂O₆
    • Obtained from sucrose hydrolysis
    • A natural sweetener found in fruits and honey
    • Exists in furanose (5-membered ring) and pyranose (6-membered ring) structures
    • Also optically active (is laevorotatory)

    Disaccharides

    • Two monosaccharides linked by a glycosidic bond
    • Examples include sucrose (glucose + fructose), maltose (glucose + glucose) and lactose (glucose + galactose)
    • Sucrose is non-reducing
    • Maltose and lactose are reducing

    Polysaccharides

    • Composed of many monosaccharide units
    • Examples include starch, cellulose, and glycogen
    • Have different structural arrangements, as in starch, glycogen (branched), cellulose (linear)

    Proteins

    • Made up of amino acids
    • Crucial for structure and function in living organisms
    • Main sources include milk, cheese, pulses, peanuts, fish, and meat
    • Classified as α, β, γ, δ etc., but only α-amino acids come from hydrolysis
    • Different amino acids have different side chains
    • Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds.
    • Proteins have different structures based on the amino acid sequence

    Enzymes

    • Biocatalysts that speed up biochemical reactions
    • Most are globular proteins
    • Mechanism of action involves reducing the activation energy required for a reaction

    Vitamins

    • Essential organic compounds in small quantities
    • Not synthesised by the body, so they must be consumed through diet
    • Classified into fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins
    • Deficiency leads to specific disease conditions or problems

    Nucleic Acids

    • Polymers of nucleotides, vital for genetic information transfer
    • Include DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid)
    • DNA is a double helix; RNA is single-stranded
    • Nucleotides are composed of a base, sugar and a phosphate group
    • Bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine (DNA) and uracil (RNA)
    • Contain genetic information for protein synthesis

    Hormones

    • Chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands
    • Act on target cells or tissues, triggering specific physiological responses
    • Examples include insulin, glucagon, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine

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    Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 10 PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on biomolecules and their classifications, focusing on carbohydrates. This quiz covers monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides, highlighting their structures and functions. Perfect for students studying biology or biochemistry.

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