Biomolecules and Carbohydrates Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the molecular formula of glucose?

  • C6H12O6 (correct)
  • C6H14O6
  • C6H10O6
  • C6H12O5

Which reaction indicates the presence of a carbonyl group in glucose?

  • Formation of pentaacetate
  • Formation of an oxime with hydroxylamine (correct)
  • Reduction to n-hexane
  • Reaction with nitric acid

What type of sugar is glucose classified as?

  • Disaccharide
  • Ketose
  • Polysaccharide
  • Aldose (correct)

How many hydroxyl (–OH) groups are present in glucose?

<p>Five (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What compound is formed when glucose is oxidized with a mild oxidizing agent like bromine water?

<p>Gluconic acid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What evidence suggests that all six carbon atoms in glucose are linked in a straight chain?

<p>Prolonged heating with HI (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What product is obtained when glucose undergoes acetylation?

<p>Glucose pentaacetate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of acid does glucose yield upon oxidation with nitric acid?

<p>Saccharic acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the cell is primarily responsible for the transmission of hereditary characteristics?

<p>Nucleus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the cyclic form of fructose formed when —OH is added at C5?

<p>Furanose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of nucleic acid is known for forming a double helix structure?

<p>Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The basic structural units that make up nucleic acids are called what?

<p>Nucleotides (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of linkage connects the monosaccharides in sucrose?

<p>Glycosidic linkage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is sucrose classified as a non-reducing sugar?

<p>Its reducing groups are involved in glycosidic bond formation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the sugar component in DNA known as?

<p>b-D-2-deoxyribose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bases are involved in the complementary base pairing of DNA?

<p>Thymine with Adenine (A), Guanine with Cytosine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of hydrolyzing sucrose?

<p>An equimolar mixture of glucose and fructose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes invert sugar produced from sucrose hydrolysis?

<p>It exhibits a change in rotation from dextrorotatory to laevorotatory. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What Nobel Prize did James Watson, Francis Crick, and Maurice Wilkins win in 1962?

<p>Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Complete hydrolysis of DNA yields which of the following components?

<p>Pentose sugar, phosphoric acid, and nitrogenous bases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disaccharide is composed of two glucose units linked together?

<p>Maltose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process or field was significantly advanced by the discovery of the DNA structure?

<p>Genetic engineering (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which monosaccharide contributes a C1 position in the glycosidic bond of sucrose?

<p>D-glucose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between reducing and non-reducing sugars?

<p>Non-reducing sugars lack free carbonyl groups. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of RNA molecules?

<p>m-RNA, r-RNA, t-RNA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant achievement is Har Gobind Khorana known for?

<p>Cracking the genetic code (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following functions is NOT performed by DNA fingerprinting?

<p>Cloning of DNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of DNA makes it a reliable source for identification?

<p>It is unique to each individual. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does secondary structure of RNA occur?

<p>It is single-stranded and can fold back on itself. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of DNA in biology?

<p>It serves as the chemical basis of heredity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Nobel Prize did Har Gobind Khorana share, and with whom?

<p>Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology with Marshall Nirenberg and Robert Holley (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the major functions of nucleic acids in cells?

<p>Protein synthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way can DNA fingerprinting assist in investigations?

<p>By comparing DNA from individuals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is released in response to high blood glucose levels?

<p>Insulin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of molecule is thyroxine derived from?

<p>Amino acid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by low levels of thyroxine?

<p>Obesity and lethargy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do hormones like epinephrine and norepinephrine play in the body?

<p>Mediating responses to stimuli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one way to prevent hypothyroidism caused by iodine deficiency?

<p>Add sodium iodide to table salt (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do insulin and glucagon work together in blood glucose regulation?

<p>Insulin decreases and glucagon increases glucose. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of hormones are estrogens and androgens classified as?

<p>Steroids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are glucocorticoids primarily responsible for in the body?

<p>Controlling carbohydrate metabolism and stress responses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is mainly responsible for the development of male secondary sexual characteristics?

<p>Testosterone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition may result from improper functioning of the adrenal cortex?

<p>Addison's disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do mineralocorticoids play in the body?

<p>Controlling kidney water and salt excretion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of untreated Addison’s disease?

<p>Fatal outcome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Estradiol is responsible for which of the following functions?

<p>Development of female secondary sexual characteristics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of monosaccharides?

<p>They are single sugar units that can’t be broken down further (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes proteins?

<p>They are polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Glucose Structure

Glucose is an aldohexose, a simple sugar with a six-carbon chain and an aldehyde group.

Glucose Formula

Glucose has the chemical formula C6H12O6.

Glucose's Carbon Chain

Glucose's carbon atoms are in a straight chain, as shown by reactions with HI.

Aldehyde Group in Glucose

A carbonyl group in glucose is present as an aldehyde, confirmed by reactions with oxidizing agents.

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Glucose's Hydroxyl Groups

Glucose has five alcohol (–OH) groups, as shown by acetylation.

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Glucose's Primary Alcohol

Glucose also contains a primary alcohol group, revealed by oxidation to a dicarboxylic acid.

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Starch/Cellulose Monomer

Glucose is a major monomer, the simplest component, of larger carbohydrates like starch and cellulose.

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Glucose, Abundant

Glucose is the most abundant organic compound on Earth, important for life processes.

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Disaccharides

Two monosaccharides linked together by a glycosidic linkage.

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Glycosidic linkage

The linkage between two monosaccharide units through an oxygen atom.

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Reducing sugars

Sugars with free aldehydic or ketonic groups; these groups can act as reducing agents.

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Non-reducing sugars

Sugars where the reducing groups are involved in glycosidic bond formation.

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Sucrose

A disaccharide formed from glucose and fructose, a non-reducing sugar.

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Invert sugar

The mixture resulting from sucrose hydrolysis, containing glucose and fructose.

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Maltose

A disaccharide composed of two glucose units joined together.

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Haworth structures

Representations of cyclic structures of anomers of monosaccharides.

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What are nucleic acids?

Nucleic acids are long chain polymers of nucleotides, responsible for heredity.

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DNA structure

DNA is a double helix, resembling a twisted ladder with sugar-phosphate rails and base pairs as rungs.

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RNA vs. DNA

DNA contains deoxyribose sugar, while RNA contains ribose sugar.

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What are nucleotides?

Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids, composed of a sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogenous base.

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Base pairing in DNA

DNA bases pair specifically: Adenine (A) with Thymine (T), and Guanine (G) with Cytosine (C).

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Why is base pairing important?

Base pairing ensures accurate replication of DNA, allowing for identical copies to be passed on.

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What does DNA hydrolysis yield?

Hydrolyzing DNA yields a pentose sugar (deoxyribose), phosphoric acid, and nitrogenous bases.

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What are the bases in DNA?

The bases in DNA are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C).

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RNA's Secondary Structure

RNA forms a single-stranded helix that sometimes folds back on itself, creating a secondary structure.

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Types of RNA

There are 3 main types of RNA: messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA). Each performs a unique function in protein synthesis.

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mRNA's Role

Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes, where proteins are made.

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rRNA's Role

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a major component of ribosomes, the cellular machinery that assembles proteins.

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tRNA's Role

Transfer RNA (tRNA) carries specific amino acids to the ribosome, where they are added to the growing protein chain.

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DNA Fingerprinting: Unique

Every individual has a unique DNA sequence, similar to unique fingerprints, which can be used for identification.

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DNA Fingerprinting: Uses

DNA fingerprinting has various applications, including identifying criminals, determining paternity, identifying deceased individuals, and studying racial groups.

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DNA's Role: Heredity

DNA is the foundation of heredity, carrying genetic information that determines an organism's traits and is passed down from parents to offspring.

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DNA Self-Replication

The ability of DNA to duplicate itself during cell division, ensuring identical copies for daughter cells.

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DNA's Role in Protein Synthesis

DNA provides the instructions for creating specific proteins, crucial for cell functions and development.

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Hormones: Intercellular Messengers

Hormones are chemical signals produced by glands that travel through the bloodstream to target cells, influencing various bodily functions.

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Types of Hormones

Hormones come in different chemical structures: steroids, polypeptides, and amino acid derivatives, each with unique roles.

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Hormones' Role in Maintaining Balance

Hormones help regulate biological processes like blood glucose levels, keeping them within a healthy range.

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Insulin and Glucagon's Role

Insulin lowers blood glucose levels, while glucagon raises them, working together to maintain blood sugar balance.

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Thyroxine: Thyroid Hormone

Thyroxine, produced by the thyroid gland, is crucial for growth and development.

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Hypothyroidism and Hyperthyroidism

Hypothyroidism occurs when thyroxine levels are low, causing lethargy and obesity, while hyperthyroidism results from high thyroxine levels.

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Steroid Hormones

Steroid hormones are produced by the adrenal cortex and gonads (testes in males and ovaries in females). They play vital roles in regulating body functions.

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Adrenal Cortex Hormones

Hormones from the adrenal cortex, such as glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, control carbohydrate metabolism, inflammation, stress response, and water/salt balance in the body.

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Addison's Disease

Addison's disease occurs when the adrenal cortex doesn't function properly, leading to hypoglycemia, weakness, and increased susceptibility to stress.

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Gonadal Hormones

Hormones produced by the gonads (testes and ovaries) are responsible for developing secondary sex characteristics.

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Testosterone

Testosterone is the main male sex hormone, responsible for developing male secondary characteristics such as deep voice, facial hair, and physical build.

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Estradiol

Estradiol is the primary female sex hormone, responsible for developing female secondary characteristics and controlling the menstrual cycle.

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Progesterone

Progesterone is a female sex hormone responsible for preparing the uterus for implantation of a fertilized egg.

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Secondary Sex Characteristics

These are physical traits that develop during puberty, distinguishing males and females beyond the primary sex organs.

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Study Notes

Biomolecules

  • Biomolecules are the complex molecules found in living systems
  • They are composed of non-living atoms and molecules
  • Examples include carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, etc.
  • They interact with each other forming the basis of life processes.

Carbohydrates

  • Primarily produced by plants
  • Commonly found in cane sugar, glucose, starch, etc.
  • General formula: Cx(H2O)y (hydrates of carbon)
  • Not all compounds with this formula are carbohydrates
  • Classified based on hydrolysis behavior

Monosaccharides

  • Cannot be hydrolyzed further
  • Examples include glucose, fructose, ribose
  • Classified by carbon atoms and functional groups (aldose or ketose)

Oligosaccharides

  • Yield 2-10 monosaccharides on hydrolysis
  • Includes disaccharides (e.g., sucrose), trisaccharides, etc.
  • Some examples are sucrose (glucose + fructose), maltose (glucose + glucose) and lactose (glucose + galactose)

Polysaccharides

  • Yield many monosaccharides on hydrolysis
  • Examples are starch, cellulose, glycogen
  • Storage forms of carbohydrates in living organisms

Glucose

  • A vital monosaccharide
  • Formula: C₆H₁₂O₆
  • Found naturally and in combined forms (e.g., starch, cellulose)
  • Structure exists both in linear and cyclic (ring) forms
  • Aldohexose meaning an aldehyde and 6-carbon sugar
  • Is optically active (rotates plane polarised light)
  • Can exist in both α and β forms (anomers)

Fructose

  • An important ketohexose
  • Formula C₆H₁₂O₆
  • Obtained from sucrose hydrolysis
  • A natural sweetener found in fruits and honey
  • Exists in furanose (5-membered ring) and pyranose (6-membered ring) structures
  • Also optically active (is laevorotatory)

Disaccharides

  • Two monosaccharides linked by a glycosidic bond
  • Examples include sucrose (glucose + fructose), maltose (glucose + glucose) and lactose (glucose + galactose)
  • Sucrose is non-reducing
  • Maltose and lactose are reducing

Polysaccharides

  • Composed of many monosaccharide units
  • Examples include starch, cellulose, and glycogen
  • Have different structural arrangements, as in starch, glycogen (branched), cellulose (linear)

Proteins

  • Made up of amino acids
  • Crucial for structure and function in living organisms
  • Main sources include milk, cheese, pulses, peanuts, fish, and meat
  • Classified as α, β, γ, δ etc., but only α-amino acids come from hydrolysis
  • Different amino acids have different side chains
  • Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds.
  • Proteins have different structures based on the amino acid sequence

Enzymes

  • Biocatalysts that speed up biochemical reactions
  • Most are globular proteins
  • Mechanism of action involves reducing the activation energy required for a reaction

Vitamins

  • Essential organic compounds in small quantities
  • Not synthesised by the body, so they must be consumed through diet
  • Classified into fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins
  • Deficiency leads to specific disease conditions or problems

Nucleic Acids

  • Polymers of nucleotides, vital for genetic information transfer
  • Include DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid)
  • DNA is a double helix; RNA is single-stranded
  • Nucleotides are composed of a base, sugar and a phosphate group
  • Bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine (DNA) and uracil (RNA)
  • Contain genetic information for protein synthesis

Hormones

  • Chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands
  • Act on target cells or tissues, triggering specific physiological responses
  • Examples include insulin, glucagon, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine

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Test your knowledge on biomolecules and their classifications, focusing on carbohydrates. This quiz covers monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides, highlighting their structures and functions. Perfect for students studying biology or biochemistry.

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