Biomolecules

Biomolecules

Proteins

• Large, complex biomolecules composed of amino acid chains
• Perform a wide range of functions in the cell, including:
  • Enzymes: catalyze chemical reactions
  • Structural proteins: provide framework and support
  • Transport proteins: move molecules and ions across cell membranes
  • Defense proteins: protect against pathogens and foreign substances
• Primary structure: sequence of amino acids
• Secondary structure: alpha helices and beta sheets
• Tertiary structure: 3D shape of the protein
• Quaternary structure: arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains

Nucleic Acids

• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid)
• Composed of nucleotides, each consisting of:
  • Sugar molecule (deoxyribose in DNA, ribose in RNA)
  • Phosphate group
  • Nitrogenous base (A, C, G, T, or U)
• Double helix structure in DNA, single strand in RNA
• Functions:
  • Storage of genetic information
  • Transmission of genetic traits
  • Synthesis of proteins

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

• Energy currency of the cell
• Composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups
• Hydrolysis of ATP releases energy, which is used to perform cellular functions
• Functions:
  • Energy source for muscle contraction
  • Fuel for protein synthesis
  • Energy for membrane transport

Carbohydrates

• Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
• General formula: C₆H₁₂O₆
• Functions:
  • Energy source for cells
  • Structural components of cells and tissues
  • Important in cell signaling and recognition
• Types:
  • Monosaccharides (glucose, fructose)
  • Disaccharides (sucrose, lactose)
  • Polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen)

Lipids

• Composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms, with oxygen and other atoms
• Functions:
  • Energy storage
  • Structural components of cells and tissues
  • Hormone production and regulation
• Types:
  • Triglycerides (fats and oils)
  • Phospholipids (cell membranes)
  • Steroids (cholesterol, hormones)
  • Waxes (protective coatings)