Biomedical Sciences I - Endomembrane System

<p>Rough endoplasmic reticulum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They assist in the movement of transport vesicles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Energy production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Membrane proteins and lysosomal enzymes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It consists of distinct membrane-bound compartments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To transport proteins for secretion from the cell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They undergo extensive modification (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sequestering Ca2+ from the cytosol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autophagocytosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Modification and packaging of proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They facilitate distinct modifications of proteins. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vesicular transport (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sequential removal and addition of specific sugar residues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lysosomal proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Trans phase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is the entry face for incoming vesicles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heterogeneous oligosaccharide structures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water-soluble and integral membrane proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The hydrophobic signal sequence recognized by the signal recognition particle (SRP) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protects proteins from degradation and serves as a sorting signal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They contain hydrophobic transmembrane segments that are shunted into the lipid bilayer from the translocon. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Detoxification of drugs and harmful compounds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are degraded and their components recycled within the ER. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both water-soluble and integral membrane proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It influences the protein's final destination and function. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their carbohydrate chains are always found on the internal side of vesicles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disruption of glycosylation pathways in the ER. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Function in lipid metabolism and detoxification (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By amino acid sequence or attached oligosaccharides (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Free ribosomes in the cytosol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is surrounded by the ER membrane and separate from the cytosol. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>15-60 amino acids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is often removed by specialized signal peptidases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The outer nuclear membrane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Its plastic and dynamic shape and size (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synthesis of lipids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A network of interconnected tubules and flattened sacs in eukaryotic cells, responsible for synthesizing, modifying, and transporting proteins and lipids.

A type of organelle in the endomembrane system, studded with ribosomes. It synthesizes proteins destined for secretion or other organelles.

A type of organelle in the endomembrane system, lacking ribosomes. It synthesizes lipids, steroids, and detoxifies harmful substances.

A stack of flattened, membrane-bound sacs involved in further processing and packaging of proteins and lipids.

Small, membrane-bound sacs that transport materials between organelles of the endomembrane system.

An organelle in the endomembrane system that contains digestive enzymes breaking down waste materials and old organelles.

A type of organelle in the endomembrane system that sorts and packages materials before sending them to lysosomes or other destinations.

The process of proteins being synthesized in the ER, modified in the Golgi, and transported to their final destinations.

The process of proteins being synthesized in the ER, packaged in the Golgi, and released outside the cell.

The movement of transport vesicles between organelles of the endomembrane system is directed and controlled by motor proteins and cytoskeletal elements.

A network of interconnected membranous tubules and sacs called cisternae that is found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.

The space enclosed within the ER membrane, separated from the cytosol.

The outer nuclear membrane is continuous with the ER membrane, connecting the perinuclear cavity with the ER lumen.

The ER is a dynamic structure that can change its shape and size depending on the cell's needs.

The ER can be categorized into two distinct regions: Rough ER (RER) and Smooth ER (SER).

The region of the ER that is studded with ribosomes on the cytoplasmic side of its membrane, giving it a rough appearance under an electron microscope.

The RER is involved in the synthesis, folding, and processing of proteins destined for secretion or for other organelles.

Proteins destined for the cytosol, nucleus, mitochondria, and peroxisomes are synthesized on free ribosomes in the cytosol.

Proteins destined for the ER, Golgi, lysosomes, plasma membranes, or secretion are synthesized on ribosomes bound to the RER.

Proteins are directed to their correct cellular compartments by specific sorting signals encoded in their amino acid sequences or attached oligosaccharides.

The process of a protein moving through a translocator, a protein-lined channel in a membrane. This occurs co-translationally during protein synthesis.

A type of cellular transport that involves the movement of proteins and other molecules within the cell, specifically from the ER to the Golgi apparatus and other destinations via membrane-bound vesicles.

Proteins that are synthesized on ribosomes attached to the ER and then released into the ER lumen. These proteins include secreted proteins, integral membrane proteins, and soluble proteins within the endomembrane system.

A signal sequence is a short stretch of hydrophobic amino acids in a protein that directs the protein to the ER. This sequence is usually located near the N-terminus of the protein.

A protein complex that binds to the signal sequence and ribosome during protein synthesis and escorts them to the ER membrane.

A protein complex in the ER membrane through which nascent proteins are translocated into the ER lumen.

A process to increase the water solubility of drugs and harmful compounds by adding a polar functional group, usually via oxidation, to the hydrophobic molecule. This process facilitates excretion from the cell.

A family of enzymes primarily involved in the detoxification of various xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. These enzymes are also involved in the synthesis of steroids and other essential molecules.

A process in which a preformed oligosaccharide chain is transferred from a lipid carrier to a protein. This process is critical for protein folding, function, and trafficking.

A set of proteins within the ER that act as 'chaperones' to assist in the proper folding of newly synthesized proteins. They also monitor the quality of protein folding and can target misfolded proteins for degradation.

A specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) found in muscle cells, responsible for sequestering calcium ions (Ca2+) from the cytosol.

The process by which excess smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) membrane is removed after a drug has disappeared from the body. This process is rapid and involves lysosomes.

A network of interconnected membranes that extend throughout the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.

The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) contains ribosomes, which are involved in protein synthesis.

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) lacks ribosomes and is involved in lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium storage.

A stack of flattened, disc-shaped sacs called cisternae, involved in processing, packaging, and sorting proteins.

The cis face of the Golgi complex receives vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and is the entry point for proteins.

The trans face of the Golgi complex releases secretory vesicles and is the exit point for proteins.

The ER-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) is a sorting station between the ER and Golgi complex, where proteins are segregated to their destination.

A specific type of glycosylation that occurs in the Golgi complex, involving the addition of N-acetylglucosamine phosphates to mannose residues on lysosomal proteins.