Biomechanics & Surgery: Tissue Mechanics IV Ligament / Tendon
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Questions and Answers

What is the main structural component of tendons?

  • Elastin fibers
  • Keratin fibers
  • Muscle fibers
  • Collagen fibers (correct)

    • How do tendons respond to tensile loads?

  • They become stiffer (correct)
  • They elongate
  • They shrink in size
  • They become more flexible

    • Which factor affects the mechanical behavior of tendons and ligaments?

  • Visual appearance
  • Temperature fluctuations
  • Biological factors (correct)
  • Oxygenation levels

    • What happens to tendons and ligaments under stress deprivation?

    <p>They weaken</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During healing, tendons and ligaments exhibit which type of mechanical properties?

    <p>Increased stiffness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of tendons in the body?

    <p>To provide support and transmit forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do physical factors affect the mechanical behavior of tendons and ligaments?

    <p>They alter their structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the synovial fluid found between the parietal and visceral membranes of the synovial sheath?

    <p>To provide lubrication and aid in the nutrition of the tendons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the paratenon?

    <p>To reduce friction between the tendon and surrounding tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the annular pulleys found under the synovial sheath?

    <p>To add a mechanical advantage to flexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the epitenon?

    <p>To surround the tendon's fibrillar network of collagen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the change in the angle of the epitenon fibers during stretching?

    <p>The angle decreases from 60° to 30°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tendons may have a paratenon to reduce friction?

    <p>Tendons without a synovial sheath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the paratenon?

    <p>Type I and III collagen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is located under the paratenon and surrounds the tendon's fibrillar network of collagen?

    <p>Epitenon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the musculotendinous unit?

    <p>To transmit tensile forces created in the muscle to the bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the composition of the musculotendinous unit?

    <p>Primarily made up of collagen and elastin embedded in a matrix of proteoglycan and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the proximal and distal attachments of a muscle?

    <p>The proximal attachment is to the muscle, while the distal attachment is to the bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the tendon synovial sheath?

    <p>To allow the tendon to glide smoothly over bone surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference in biomechanical behavior between tendons and ligaments?

    <p>Tendons are designed to withstand unidirectional tensile loads, while ligaments are designed to resist high tensile loads in one direction and smaller tensile loads in other directions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the composition difference between tendons and ligaments?

    <p>Tendons are composed primarily of muscle to bone, while ligaments are composed primarily of bone to bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the purpose of the myotendinous junction (MTJ) and the osteotendinous junction (OTJ)?

    <p>The MTJ connects the muscle to the tendon, while the OTJ connects the tendon to the bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is MOST responsible for determining the amount of bone mass that can be achieved through exercise?

    <p>The individual's initial bone mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the MAXIMUM increase in bone mineral content (BMC) that can be achieved in young adults through very strenuous training?

    <p>11%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the TYPICAL increase in bone mineral content (BMC) that can be achieved in men and premenopausal women through moderate to intense physical training?

    <p>1-3%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the MAXIMUM increase in bone density that can be achieved in the tibia of young adults through very strenuous training?

    <p>7%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the TYPICAL long-term increase in bone mass that can be found after 1-2 years of intensive exercise in postmenopausal women?

    <p>Less than 2%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the MAIN reason that the long-term benefits of exercise are retained only by continuing to exercise?

    <p>The benefits are temporary and require ongoing exercise to maintain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of osteocalcin?

    <p>Regulate bone density</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone component provides the compressive strength of bone?

    <p>Inorganic matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In bone microstructure, what comes after the "mineralized fibril array" level?

    <p>Fibril array patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between cortical and cancellous bone?

    <p>Presence of osteons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is almost entirely composed of Calcium Hydroxyapatite?

    <p>Inorganic matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of osteopontin in bone structure?

    <p>Act as a cell binding protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of the organic matrix of bone tissue?

    <p>Type I collagen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the inorganic matrix of bone tissue?

    <p>It is primarily composed of calcium hydroxyapatite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the mechanical behavior of cortical (compact) bone differ from cancellous (trabecular/spongy) bone?

    <p>Cortical bone has a more uniform microstructure, while cancellous bone has a more complex, porous microstructure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the collagen fibrils in bone tissue?

    <p>To provide tensile strength and resistance to fracture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the cross-linking of collagen fibrils affect the mechanical properties of bone tissue?

    <p>It decreases the solubility and increases the tensile strength of the collagen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which bone density is regulated?

    <p>Through the action of osteoclasts, which resorb existing bone matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Wolff's law, what happens to bone when the strain is too high?

    <p>New bone is laid down along the lines of stress, making the bone thicker and denser</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of diaphyseal modeling during bone growth?

    <p>To increase the diameter of the bone during growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the mechanical behavior of bone?

    <p>Bone exhibits nonlinear elastic behavior with a moderate plastic region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cancellous (trabecular/spongy) bone?

    <p>To provide structural support and resist compressive forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the difference between cortical and cancellous bone?

    <p>Cortical bone is denser and has a higher apparent modulus, while cancellous bone has a larger surface area and higher turnover</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Wolff's law, what happens to bone when the strain is too low?

    <p>Bone is resorbed, leading to a decrease in bone density and an increased risk of osteoporosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the mechanical properties of cortical bone is correct?

    <p>Cortical bone is most brittle under tensile forces in the transverse direction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about trabecular bone is correct?

    <p>Trabecular bone can absorb considerable energy while maintaining a minimum mass.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the anisotropic behavior of bone, where it exhibits different mechanical properties when loaded along different axes?

    <p>The difference in collagen fiber orientation in different regions of the bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under bending loads, what is the primary reason for the unequal distribution of stress in bone, with increased stress magnitude farther from the neutral axis?

    <p>The combination of compressive and tensile forces acting on the bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the effect of increased loading rate on the mechanical behavior of bone?

    <p>Increased loading rate increases the stiffness of bone and influences the fracture pattern and soft tissue damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of reduced mechanical loading on bone, such as during prolonged bed rest or immobilization?

    <p>Reduced bone mass and density due to decreased mechanical stimulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the outer border of an osteon in compact bone?

    <p>Cement lines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bone has a higher resistance to torsion and bending compared to cancellous bone?

    <p>Compact Bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bone is quickly formed and has poorly organized fibers?

    <p>Woven Bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary structural unit in cortical bone?

    <p>Osteons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of bone are collagen fibers more or less randomly arranged?

    <p>Woven Bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between lamellar and woven bone in terms of mineralization?

    <p>Lamellar bone is more mineralized than woven bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to bone when strain is too high according to Wolff's Law?

    <p>New bone is laid down along the lines of stress, making it thicker and denser</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors has the GREATEST influence on the fracture pattern and soft tissue damage of bone?

    <p>Loading rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of inactivity on bone density?

    <p>Decrease in bone density, which may lead to osteoporosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the PRIMARY effect of prolonged bed rest or immobilization on bone mass?

    <p>Reduces bone mass by 1% per week</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does exercise primarily affect bone density in young adults?

    <p>Significantly increases bone density through strengthening effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason that some bones respond negatively above a certain level of activity?

    <p>They suppress normal growth and modeling activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the MAXIMUM increase in tibial bone density that can be achieved through very strenuous training in young adults?

    <p>11%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical long-term effect of intensive exercise on bone mass in postmenopausal women?

    <p>Moderate increase in bone mass after 1-2 years of exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the MAIN reason that the long-term benefits of exercise on bone are retained only by continuing to exercise?

    <p>Bone is a dynamic tissue that requires constant mechanical stimulation to maintain its mass and strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the mechanical behavior of cortical bone differ from trabecular bone under tensile loads?

    <p>Cortical bone is more brittle and stronger in tension, while trabecular bone is tougher and can absorb more energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Wolff's Law suggest regarding the remodeling of bones?

    <p>Bone remodeling occurs to keep strain between certain limits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the TYPICAL long-term increase in bone mass after 1-2 years of intensive exercise in postmenopausal women?

    <p>Less than 2%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In ageing individuals, what property of bones generally decreases according to the text?

    <p>Bone mineral content (BMC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the MAXIMUM increase in bone mineral content (BMC) that can be achieved in young adults through very strenuous training?

    <p>10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the relationship between exercise and aging effects on bone health?

    <p>Regular exercise counteracts the negative effects of aging on bone health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which individuals may have more to gain from exercise according to the text?

    <p>Those with extremely low initial bone mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the mechanical behavior of bone change with aging?

    <p>Bone becomes more brittle and less ductile with age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines the amount of bone mass that can be achieved through exercise?

    <p>Initial bone mass of the individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the organic matrix in bone tissue?

    <p>Provides tensile strength to bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the cross-linking of collagen fibrils impact the mechanical properties of bone tissue?

    <p>Decreases solubility and increases tensile strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component accounts for approximately 60% of the dry weight of bone tissue?

    <p>Calcium hydroxyapatite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the clinical relevance of understanding the mechanical properties of bone?

    <p>Predicting the risk of fractures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does aging affect the mechanical properties of trabecular bone?

    <p>Reduces tensile strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of amorphous ground substance in bone tissue?

    <p>Acts as a filler between collagen fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of aging on bone mineralization?

    <p>Decrease in the compressive strength of bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consequence of primary mineralization happening in holes and pores in bone?

    <p>Enhanced bone mineralization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor plays a significant role in determining fracture patterns in bones?

    <p>Direction and magnitude of the applied load</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does intense physical training typically affect bone mineral content (BMC) in young adults?

    <p>Substantial increase in BMC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the microstructure of bone, what level follows the 'mineralized collagen fibril'?

    <p>Fibril array patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the unequal distribution of stress in bones under bending loads?

    <p>Higher stress magnitude closer to the neutral axis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Osteopontin is primarily known for its role as a:

    <p>Cell binding protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of proteoglycans within bones?

    <p>Contribute to compressive strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During aging, what change occurs in the non-collagenous matrix proteins related to bone formation?

    <p>Changes in regulation related to compressive strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor responsible for the different fracture patterns observed in cortical versus cancellous bone?

    <p>The anisotropic nature of cortical bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the effect of high tensile loads on bone?

    <p>Fracture and failure of the bone tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Wolff's law, what is the effect of prolonged low-magnitude loading on bone?

    <p>Increased bone resorption and remodeling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the effect of exercise on bone mass in postmenopausal women?

    <p>Increased bone mass up to 10% over 1-2 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines the maximum bone mass achievable through exercise?

    <p>The individual's genetic potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the effect of aging on bone tissue?

    <p>Increased bone resorption and remodeling</p> Signup and view all the answers

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