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Questions and Answers
What is the role of the femur during the last 30 degrees of knee extension in an open kinetic chain (OKC)?
What is the role of the femur during the last 30 degrees of knee extension in an open kinetic chain (OKC)?
According to the evidence-based review on the Kaltenborn rule, what can be said about the humeral head's arthrokinematic behavior?
According to the evidence-based review on the Kaltenborn rule, what can be said about the humeral head's arthrokinematic behavior?
What accessory motion may be deficient in a patient with shoulder stiffness and pain during abduction based on the concave/convex rule?
What accessory motion may be deficient in a patient with shoulder stiffness and pain during abduction based on the concave/convex rule?
During knee flexion from 30 to 40 degrees in a closed chain, what motion occurs in terms of the femur and tibia?
During knee flexion from 30 to 40 degrees in a closed chain, what motion occurs in terms of the femur and tibia?
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What potential tissue issues could contribute to the shoulder stiffness and pain described in a patient with diabetes and hypertension?
What potential tissue issues could contribute to the shoulder stiffness and pain described in a patient with diabetes and hypertension?
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What distinguishes internal torque from external torque?
What distinguishes internal torque from external torque?
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Which type of lever has the axis of rotation located between the opposing forces?
Which type of lever has the axis of rotation located between the opposing forces?
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During a concentric contraction, how does internal torque compare to external torque?
During a concentric contraction, how does internal torque compare to external torque?
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What is an example of external torque?
What is an example of external torque?
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Which statement about the decomposition of forces is true?
Which statement about the decomposition of forces is true?
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Which of the following best describes the motion of a single point on one articular surface contacting multiple points on another articular surface?
Which of the following best describes the motion of a single point on one articular surface contacting multiple points on another articular surface?
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When a convex surface moves on a concave surface, the roll and slide movements occur in which directions?
When a convex surface moves on a concave surface, the roll and slide movements occur in which directions?
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In arthrokinematics, which term specifically refers to the predominant component to achieve a joint motion?
In arthrokinematics, which term specifically refers to the predominant component to achieve a joint motion?
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Which of the following scenarios illustrates the motion of a concave surface moving on a convex surface?
Which of the following scenarios illustrates the motion of a concave surface moving on a convex surface?
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In which joint motion scenario does spin act as the primary motion?
In which joint motion scenario does spin act as the primary motion?
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What happens during knee extension in closed kinetic chain (CKC) involving roll, slide, and spin?
What happens during knee extension in closed kinetic chain (CKC) involving roll, slide, and spin?
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What best describes the role of accessory motion in joint movement?
What best describes the role of accessory motion in joint movement?
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During terminal knee extension, what combination of arthrokinematic motions occurs?
During terminal knee extension, what combination of arthrokinematic motions occurs?
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What characteristic is associated with closed packed positions?
What characteristic is associated with closed packed positions?
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Which of the following motions is NOT considered an arthrokinematic motion?
Which of the following motions is NOT considered an arthrokinematic motion?
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When is the knee considered to be in a closed packed position?
When is the knee considered to be in a closed packed position?
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In the context of kinematics, what does the term 'translation' refer to?
In the context of kinematics, what does the term 'translation' refer to?
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Which statement accurately describes the center of mass (CoM)?
Which statement accurately describes the center of mass (CoM)?
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Which of the following best describes a scalar quantity?
Which of the following best describes a scalar quantity?
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How does the angle of application of a force influence its components?
How does the angle of application of a force influence its components?
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Which position is expected to provide more anterior/posterior glide of the knee?
Which position is expected to provide more anterior/posterior glide of the knee?
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In a second class lever, which type of force has greater leverage?
In a second class lever, which type of force has greater leverage?
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What determines the efficiency of a lever?
What determines the efficiency of a lever?
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In a third class lever, where is the axis of rotation located?
In a third class lever, where is the axis of rotation located?
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What is the typical mechanical advantage for internal forces in a second class lever?
What is the typical mechanical advantage for internal forces in a second class lever?
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Which type of lever is most commonly used in human anatomy?
Which type of lever is most commonly used in human anatomy?
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How does the mechanical advantage of external forces typically compare in a third class lever?
How does the mechanical advantage of external forces typically compare in a third class lever?
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What is a key characteristic of first class levers?
What is a key characteristic of first class levers?
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Which factor impacts the mechanical advantage of a lever?
Which factor impacts the mechanical advantage of a lever?
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Which motion is associated with the sagittal plane?
Which motion is associated with the sagittal plane?
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What is the maximum number of degrees of freedom a joint can have?
What is the maximum number of degrees of freedom a joint can have?
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In an open kinematic chain, which statement is true?
In an open kinematic chain, which statement is true?
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Which motion describes the interaction between joint surfaces involving multiple points of contact?
Which motion describes the interaction between joint surfaces involving multiple points of contact?
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Closed kinetic chain movements are characterized by which of the following?
Closed kinetic chain movements are characterized by which of the following?
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What happens to the axis of rotation during joint movement?
What happens to the axis of rotation during joint movement?
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How many degrees of freedom does a typical shoulder joint possess?
How many degrees of freedom does a typical shoulder joint possess?
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What does arthrokinematics primarily describe?
What does arthrokinematics primarily describe?
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Study Notes
Movement Science I - Course Introduction
- The course is titled "Movement Science I" and is part of a GW Physical Therapy program.
- The course is adapted with permission from Dr. George Cole, a faculty member at George Washington University.
- The course is offered by the School of Medicine & Health Sciences at the George Washington University.
- The course focuses on Health, Human Function, and Rehabilitation Sciences.
Acknowledgements
- Dr. Keith Cole
- Dr. Kenneth Harwood
Syllabus - Part 1
- Reflection and Free Body Diagram Assignment: 3%
- Biomechanics Lab #1 and #2: 5% each, graded for completeness, key released later
- Quizzes: 2 worth 5% each
- Exam #1: 30%, free response, solve FBDs, draw graphs or figures
Syllabus - Part 2
- Reflection #2: 2%
- Final Exam: 30%, cumulative, emphasis on the second half of the course, multiple choice
- Gait Analysis Assignment: 15%
Course Learning Objectives
- Apply biomechanical and kinesiological principles to human structures and anatomical structures.
- Discuss physiological and biomechanical consequences of mechanotransduction and tissue injury.
- Analyze kinetic and kinematic factors influencing human movement.
- Apply kinesiological principles of kinematics and biomechanics to movement dysfunction.
- Assess how tissues are loaded and decide whether to load or unload a tissue.
Importance of Kinesiology & Biomechanics
- Discuss how kinesiology and/or biomechanics aid physical therapists.
Session 1: Essentials of Biomechanics & Kinesiology
- This session covers the fundamental components of biomechanics and kinesiology.
Kinematics, Rotation, Translation
- This section details the principles of kinematics, focusing on rotation and translation.
Overview
- Kinesiology: The study of movement, crucial for rehabilitation, MSK prevention, ergonomics, device and equipment design. Integrates anatomy, biomechanics, and physiology.
- Kinematics (motion) and Kinetics (forces): This section explores the related areas of motion and forces.
Kinematics
- Kinematics: Branch of mechanics concerned with motion of a body without reference to forces.
- Two types of motion: Translation, Rotation
Translation
- Translation: Movement of a body without changing its orientation.
- Types: Rectilinear (straight line), Curvilinear (curved line).
- Variables: Position/displacement, Velocity, Acceleration.
Rotation
- Rotation: Movement of a body in a circular path around a pivot point.
- All points rotate the same angular direction and the same number of degrees.
- Variables: Distance (degrees, radians), Velocity (degrees/sec) , Acceleration (radians/sec2)
Rotation vs. Translation
- Detailed explanation of the differences in these motions.
Motion and Osteokinematics vs. Arthrokinematics
- Describes the motion of bones relative to each other.
Osteokinematics
- Motion of bones relative to three cardinal planes.
- Examples: Flexion/extension (sagittal plane), Abduction/adduction (frontal plane), Internal/external rotation (horizontal plane)
- Includes assumptions about knowledge of cardinal planes and axes of rotation.
Axis of Rotation
- Bones rotate around a joint in a plane perpendicular to the axis.
- Axis can be assumed to pass through the convex member, but this is a rough estimate.
- In reality, the center of axis moves during rotation.
Degrees of Freedom
- Degrees of freedom are the number of permitted planes of angular motion at a joint, tied to cardinal planes.
- Joints have up to 3 degrees of freedom.
- Example: Number of degrees of freedom for shoulder, wrist.
- 6 degrees total (3 angular and 3 linear)
Open Chain vs. Closed Chain
- Open Chain: Distal segment is not fixed to the ground.
- Closed Chain: Distal segment is fixed to the ground.
Osteokinematics: OKC and CKC
- Both open and closed chain motions in osteokinamatics commonly happen simultaneously.
Arthrokinematics
- Motion between articular surfaces of joints.
- Joints generally involve convex and concave surfaces.
- Three main types of movement: Roll, Glide/Slide, Spin
Arthrokinematic Motions
- Roll: Multiple points of one surface contact multiple points on the other.
- Slide/Glide: A single point on one surface contacts multiple points on another.
- Spin: A single point on one surface rotates on a single point of another.
Relative Motion (Rotation vs. Translation)
- These diagrams show rotation and translation motions.
Joint Motion
- Primary Motion: Predominant arthrokinematic component to achieve joint motion.
- Accessory Motion: Secondary and tertiary arthrokinematic components to achieve joint motion.
Convex-Concave Rule
- If a convex surface moves on a concave surface, roll and slide are in opposite directions.
- If a concave surface moves on a convex surface, roll and slide are in the same directions.
- This rule, also known as the Kaltenborn rule, describes the relationship between joint surface motions.
Spin as a Primary Motion
- Shoulder (Internal/External rotation with 90-degree abduction)
- Hip (flexion/extension)
- Humeroradial joint (supination/pronation)
Combination: Roll and Slide with Spin
- Some joints combine roll, slide, and spin, for example, knee extension.
Evidence for the Convex/Concave Rule
- Evidence-based review of the Kaltenborn rule validity applied to glenohumeral joint.
- Demonstrates mixed results in the correlation of roll and glide in studies.
- Different arthrokinematic behaviors were found in normal vs. dysfunctional joints.
Breakout Questions
- Questions for analyzing the principle in real world examples.
Close Packed and Open Packed Positions
- Closed packed: Maximal congruency (the joint fits best). Most ligaments and capsule are taut. Minimal accessory movement.
- Open packed: Less congruency ("loose packed"). Relatively slack ligaments and capsule. Relatively more accessory movement.
Kinematics Review
- Two types of kinematic motion (translation, rotation)
- Three types of arthrokinematic motions (spin, roll, glide/slide)
- Application to patient care (joint mobilization).
Kinetics
- Branch of mechanics describing the effects of forces on the body.
- Definitions such as force (push or pull), Newtons, and defined by point of application, spatial orientation, and magnitude.
- Internal vs External forces
- Internal forces – generated by body
- External forces – sources outside the body
Center of Mass
- Point at the exact center of an object's mass (Mass evenly distributed).
- Center of Gravity: Point about which gravity's effects completely balance.
- CoM closely coincides with CoG (for class purposes).
Review: Vector vs Scalar
- Scalar: Magnitude only (e.g., temperature, mass, distance, speed).
- Vector: Magnitude and direction (e.g., force, moment, velocity, acceleration).
Vectors
- Vectors have both x and y components.
- Smaller angle implies larger x component/smaller y component.
- Larger angle means smaller x component/larger y component.
Torque, Moment, Force
- Torque (moment) measures how much a force causes an object to rotate.
- Torque is the rotary equivalent of force.
- τ= Fd Moment arm: Distance between axis of rotation and line of action.
Rotatory Motion
- Torque (moment) measures how much a force causes an object to rotate.
- Torque is equivalent a rotational force.
Moment Arm
- Difference in force and torque for different scenarios with biceps exerting a force on the forearm (ignore gravity).
Discussion Question (Luggage & Elbow Flexion)
- Explain why holding luggage greater torque at 90°elbow flexion (shoulder at 0°).
Decomposition of Forces
- Torque-generating capacity changes with the angle of force.
- Break down force into x and y components.
Internal and External Torque
- Internal Torque: Produced by internal body structures.
- External Torque: Produced by forces outside the body. Illustrates examples and gives measurements for illustration.
Levers
- Simple machines including a rigid rod across a pivot point.
- Classified as first, second, and third class levers. The advantage of first, second, and third class for lever designs.
First Class Levers
- Axis of rotation between opposing forces.
- Examples in the body include the head/neck.
Second Class Levers
- Axis of rotation located at one end of the lever. Internal forces have greater leverage. Examples in the body include the foot/ankle.
Third Class Levers
- Axis of rotation located at one end of the lever. External forces have greater leverage. Examples in the body include the elbow, for example during lifting.
Mechanical Advantage
- Efficiency based on its mechanical advantage - Internal force advantage = Ratio of lever length from axis. External force advantage= Ratio of lever length from axis.
Why is a 3rd Class Lever Most Common?
- Shorter moment arm allows for a larger arc of movement.
- Distal segment moves through a wider range of motion faster.
Questions and importance of Kinetics
- Discusses the importance of biomechanics and kinetics with images.
Breakout Questions
- Sets of thought-provoking questions for analyzing provided cases.
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Description
Test your understanding of biomechanical principles related to the femur, humeral head movements, and knee and shoulder mechanics. This quiz explores factors such as internal and external torque, arthrokinematics, and the effects of conditions like diabetes on shoulder function. Perfect for students studying kinesiology, physical therapy, or related fields.
