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Questions and Answers
What is a characteristic of hemiplegic gait?
What is a characteristic of hemiplegic gait?
Which condition is associated with spastic paralysis leading to scissors gait?
Which condition is associated with spastic paralysis leading to scissors gait?
What type of gait is characterized by a forward lurch?
What type of gait is characterized by a forward lurch?
Which of the following describes features of equinus gait?
Which of the following describes features of equinus gait?
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What gait pattern is often referred to as neurogenic or spastic gait?
What gait pattern is often referred to as neurogenic or spastic gait?
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What is the percentage of the gait cycle where the reference limb is in contact with the ground?
What is the percentage of the gait cycle where the reference limb is in contact with the ground?
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Which of the following gait phases accounts for a higher percentage in a standard gait cycle?
Which of the following gait phases accounts for a higher percentage in a standard gait cycle?
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What is the normal value range for step width measured between the medial sides of the feet?
What is the normal value range for step width measured between the medial sides of the feet?
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What does the Fick angle measure?
What does the Fick angle measure?
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Which gait characteristic is NOT indicative of increased speed?
Which gait characteristic is NOT indicative of increased speed?
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In kinematic gait analysis, which aspect is primarily measured?
In kinematic gait analysis, which aspect is primarily measured?
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What does a larger base of support (BOS) contribute to in gait stability?
What does a larger base of support (BOS) contribute to in gait stability?
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What is the normal stride length from heel strike to heel strike of the same foot?
What is the normal stride length from heel strike to heel strike of the same foot?
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What is the normal range for lateral pelvic shift during running?
What is the normal range for lateral pelvic shift during running?
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During running, the pelvis experiences a forward rotation of how many degrees during the swing phase?
During running, the pelvis experiences a forward rotation of how many degrees during the swing phase?
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What is the normal vertical displacement of the pelvis during running?
What is the normal vertical displacement of the pelvis during running?
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What is the normal cadence for running in males?
What is the normal cadence for running in males?
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Which gait terminology corresponds with 'heel strike' in the RLA model?
Which gait terminology corresponds with 'heel strike' in the RLA model?
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What is the minimum normal walking speed noted in the provided content?
What is the minimum normal walking speed noted in the provided content?
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Which determinant of gait involves knee flexion during the stance phase?
Which determinant of gait involves knee flexion during the stance phase?
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What does the term 'walking velocity' refer to?
What does the term 'walking velocity' refer to?
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What is the normal range for step time during walking?
What is the normal range for step time during walking?
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Which phase occurs first in the RLA model of gait terminology?
Which phase occurs first in the RLA model of gait terminology?
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In an antalgic gait due to left hip osteoarthritis, where does the body weight shift?
In an antalgic gait due to left hip osteoarthritis, where does the body weight shift?
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What is a characteristic of ataxic gait?
What is a characteristic of ataxic gait?
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What compensatory mechanism occurs with hip ankylosis during gait?
What compensatory mechanism occurs with hip ankylosis during gait?
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Which of the following gait deviations is characterized by a backward lurch during heel strike?
Which of the following gait deviations is characterized by a backward lurch during heel strike?
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In which gait is a Trendelenburg sign present?
In which gait is a Trendelenburg sign present?
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What is the primary cause of arthrogenic gait?
What is the primary cause of arthrogenic gait?
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What compensatory strategy is likely seen in a patient with a significant limb length discrepancy?
What compensatory strategy is likely seen in a patient with a significant limb length discrepancy?
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Which feature characterizes plantarflexion contracture gait?
Which feature characterizes plantarflexion contracture gait?
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What phase of the running gait cycle is characterized by double limb support?
What phase of the running gait cycle is characterized by double limb support?
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What type of gait is characterized by a self-protective mechanism?
What type of gait is characterized by a self-protective mechanism?
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At what age does a mature gait pattern typically emerge in children?
At what age does a mature gait pattern typically emerge in children?
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According to Newton's 3rd law of motion, what occurs when a body applies a force to the ground?
According to Newton's 3rd law of motion, what occurs when a body applies a force to the ground?
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What is the function of the center of pressure during gait?
What is the function of the center of pressure during gait?
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During heel strike, where is the ground reaction force relative to the ankle?
During heel strike, where is the ground reaction force relative to the ankle?
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Where is the center of gravity located in relation to S2?
Where is the center of gravity located in relation to S2?
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What type of torque is produced by gravitational forces acting on the body?
What type of torque is produced by gravitational forces acting on the body?
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What muscle group is primarily active from heel strike to foot flat?
What muscle group is primarily active from heel strike to foot flat?
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What is the role of the knee extensors during the gait cycle?
What is the role of the knee extensors during the gait cycle?
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During midstance, where is the ground reaction force in relation to the ankle?
During midstance, where is the ground reaction force in relation to the ankle?
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Which phase of the gait cycle primarily involves hip flexor activity?
Which phase of the gait cycle primarily involves hip flexor activity?
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Study Notes
Biomechanics of Gait and Gait Abnormalities
- Gait is the normal progression of the body's movement
- Includes walking, running, and stair climbing/gait
- Gait cycle: time interval from heel strike to heel strike of the same foot
- Phases: stance (60%) and swing (40%)
- Stance (CKC): reference limb is in contact with the ground
- Swing (OKC): reference limb is off the ground
- Periods of Gait
- Single limb support (80%): less stable
- Double limb support (20%): more stable
- Criteria for stability
- Large base of support (BOS)
- Center of gravity (COG) within BOS
- Lower COG
- Gait analysis involves kinematic (describes motion) and kinetic (analyzes forces) analysis
- Kinematic gait analysis includes spatial (distance) and temporal (time) components
- Spatial parameters include step width (2-4 inches/5-10 cm), step length (14-16 inches/28 inches), stride length (56 inches), Fick angle (7 degrees), lateral pelvic shift (2.5-5 cm), vertical pelvic shift (>5 cm), and pelvic rotation (8 degrees)
- Temporal parameters include cadence (90-120 steps/minute for adults), walking speed (3 mph), and walking velocity (3 mph with direction)
- Step time and stride time are temporal components measured during the gait cycle
- Kinematic gait analysis includes spatial (distance) and temporal (time) components
- Gait deviations include antalgic gait, ataxic gait, arthrogenic gait, contracture gait, short leg gait, and various other types based on specific joint pathologies (e.g., hip flexion contracture, weak hip flexors, weak hip extensors, weak quadriceps)
- Antalgic gait is a painful gait to protect a painful area
- Ataxic gait is a jerky, weaving gait caused by poor muscle coordination due to nervous problems
- Arthrogenic gait is caused by stiffness in hip or knee joints
- Contracture gait results from joint contracture, which causes limited range of motion
- Gait analysis involves studying the ground reaction force (GRF), center of gravity (COG), center of pressure, and torque
- Ground reaction force is the opposing force to the forces applied to the ground (Equal in magnitude but opposite in direction.)
- Center of gravity is the point of balance for the body
- Center of pressure is the area of the foot that is in contact with the ground
- Torque is the rotational effect acting on the joints, caused by the external forces (GRF, gravity), and internal force (muscles)
- Pediatric gait milestones, including the emergence of reciprocal arm swing by 18 months, and knee flexion by 2 years.
- Various other gait deviations, such as gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, and different types of gait relating to spinal pathologies, like lumbar spine, are covered.
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Description
This quiz explores the fundamentals of gait mechanics, including the phases of gait and the analysis of gait abnormalities. Understand the kinematic and kinetic dimensions of movement, and learn the criteria for stability during various walking and running actions.
