Biomechanics of Gait and Abnormalities
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Questions and Answers

What is a characteristic of hemiplegic gait?

  • Circular arm movements
  • Exaggerated trunk movements
  • Rapid toe movements
  • Circumduction gait (correct)

Which condition is associated with spastic paralysis leading to scissors gait?

  • Cerebral palsy (correct)
  • Parkinson's disease
  • Ankle joint sprain
  • Peripheral nerve injury

What type of gait is characterized by a forward lurch?

  • Parkinsonian gait
  • Dorsiflexors gait (correct)
  • Quadriceps gait
  • Talipes gait

Which of the following describes features of equinus gait?

<p>Walking on toes with a decreased weight-bearing phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What gait pattern is often referred to as neurogenic or spastic gait?

<p>Scissors gait (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of the gait cycle where the reference limb is in contact with the ground?

<p>60% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following gait phases accounts for a higher percentage in a standard gait cycle?

<p>Stance phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal value range for step width measured between the medial sides of the feet?

<p>2-4 inches (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Fick angle measure?

<p>The angle of toe out (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gait characteristic is NOT indicative of increased speed?

<p>Increased Fick angle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In kinematic gait analysis, which aspect is primarily measured?

<p>The distance and time of motion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a larger base of support (BOS) contribute to in gait stability?

<p>Greater stability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal stride length from heel strike to heel strike of the same foot?

<p>56 inches (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for lateral pelvic shift during running?

<p>2.5-5 cm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During running, the pelvis experiences a forward rotation of how many degrees during the swing phase?

<p>4 degrees (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal vertical displacement of the pelvis during running?

<blockquote> <p>5 cm (D)</p> </blockquote> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal cadence for running in males?

<p>111 steps/min (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gait terminology corresponds with 'heel strike' in the RLA model?

<p>Initial Contact (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum normal walking speed noted in the provided content?

<p>3 mph (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which determinant of gait involves knee flexion during the stance phase?

<p>Early knee flexion during early stance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'walking velocity' refer to?

<p>Rate of displacement with direction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for step time during walking?

<p>1.0-1.5 seconds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase occurs first in the RLA model of gait terminology?

<p>Initial Contact (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In an antalgic gait due to left hip osteoarthritis, where does the body weight shift?

<p>On the C/L side (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of ataxic gait?

<p>Irregular and jerky walking pattern (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What compensatory mechanism occurs with hip ankylosis during gait?

<p>C/L limb excessive plantarflexion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following gait deviations is characterized by a backward lurch during heel strike?

<p>Gluteus Maximus Gait (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which gait is a Trendelenburg sign present?

<p>Gluteus Medius Gait (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of arthrogenic gait?

<p>Joint stiffness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What compensatory strategy is likely seen in a patient with a significant limb length discrepancy?

<p>Hip hiking (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature characterizes plantarflexion contracture gait?

<p>Toe walking (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phase of the running gait cycle is characterized by double limb support?

<p>Stance phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of gait is characterized by a self-protective mechanism?

<p>Antalgic Gait (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age does a mature gait pattern typically emerge in children?

<p>7 years (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Newton's 3rd law of motion, what occurs when a body applies a force to the ground?

<p>An equal and opposite force is exerted by the ground. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the center of pressure during gait?

<p>It is the point of concentration of resultant force. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During heel strike, where is the ground reaction force relative to the ankle?

<p>Posterior to the ankle. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the center of gravity located in relation to S2?

<p>Slightly anterior to S2. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of torque is produced by gravitational forces acting on the body?

<p>External torque. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What muscle group is primarily active from heel strike to foot flat?

<p>Dorsiflexors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the knee extensors during the gait cycle?

<p>To extend the knee from heel strike to foot flat. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During midstance, where is the ground reaction force in relation to the ankle?

<p>Anterior to the ankle. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of the gait cycle primarily involves hip flexor activity?

<p>Mid swing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Gait Cycle

The time interval from heel strike of one foot to the next heel strike of the same foot.

Stance Phase

The portion of the gait cycle when the reference limb is in contact with the ground.

Swing Phase

The portion of the gait cycle when the reference limb is off the ground.

Single Limb Support

The period during the gait cycle when only one limb is in contact with the ground.

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Double Limb Support

The period during the gait cycle when both limbs are in contact with the ground.

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Step Width

The measurement between the medial sides of the feet.

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Step Length

The measurement from heel strike to heel strike of the OPPOSITE foot.

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Stride Length

The measurement from heel strike to heel strike of the SAME foot.

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Lateral Pelvic Shift

Side-to-side pelvic movement towards the stance limb during walking. This movement is essential for smooth weight transfer.

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Vertical Pelvic Shift

Up and down movement of the pelvis during walking. The pelvis is highest at the beginning of single limb support (SLS) and lowest at double limb support (DLS).

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Pelvic Rotation

Rotational movement of the pelvis during walking. This movement contributes to lengthening the femur, helping with stride length.

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Cadence

The number of steps taken per minute during walking. A typical cadence for adults is 90-120 steps per minute.

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Walking Speed

The rate at which a person moves, without considering direction. It is a quantity known as scalar.

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Walking Velocity

The rate at which a person moves, considering both speed and direction. It is a quantity known as vector.

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Initial Contact

The point where the foot first touches the ground during walking. This is often referred to as 'heel strike'.

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Loading Response

The period after initial contact where the body weight is transferred onto the stance limb. It also involves shock absorption.

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Midstance

The phase during walking when the stance limb is supporting the body weight, before the body weight starts transferring to the other limb.

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Terminal Stance

The latter part of single limb support, where the body weight is transferred from the heel to the toes, preparing for the next step.

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Quadriceps Gait

A gait pattern characterized by a forward lurch, often seen in patients with femoral nerve injuries. This occurs due to weakness of the quadriceps muscles, leading to difficulty extending the knee during the swing phase.

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Foot Drop

An inability to dorsiflex the foot due to weakness or paralysis of the dorsiflexor muscles, often caused by injury to the peroneal nerve.

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Equinus Gait

A gait pattern characterized by a rigid plantar-flexed foot, leading to toe walking, often seen in children with talipes equinovarus (clubfoot).

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Scissor Gait

A gait pattern characterized by the legs crossing over each other during walking, often seen in people with spastic cerebral palsy. This is caused by spasticity in the hip adductors, making the legs swing inward and cross.

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Hemiplegic Gait

A gait pattern seen in patients with hemiplegia, characterized by an inability to control the affected limb, resulting in a combination of circumduction, vaulting, and steppage.

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Ground Reaction Force (GRF)

The force exerted by the ground on the body during walking. It is equal and opposite to the force the body exerts on the ground, based on Newton's Third Law.

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Center of Gravity (CoG)

The point in a body where its mass is concentrated and balanced. In walking, it's slightly anterior to S2 (sacrum), about 2 inches or 5 cm forward.

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Center of Pressure (CoP)

The point on the ground where the resultant force of the body's weight is concentrated. It shifts with each walking phase.

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Torque in Gait

The rotational force acting on joints during walking. Both external (GRF, gravity) and internal (muscles) forces create torque.

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Heel Strike (HS)

The initial contact of the heel with the ground during gait.

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Foot Flat (FF)

The phase where the entire foot is on the ground during gait.

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Midstance (MSt)

The point in gait where the body weight is centrally supported on the stance leg.

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Muscle Activity in Gait

The coordinated movements of the muscles to create propulsion and stability during walking.

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Quadriceps to Hamstring Ratio

The ratio of the activity of the quadriceps (knee extensors) to hamstring (knee flexors) muscles. Indicates muscle strength balance during gait.

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Valgus of the Knee

A condition where the knee joint angles outward, creating a knock-knee appearance.

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Antalgic Gait

A protective gait pattern used to minimize pain. The individual may shorten the stance phase on the painful limb and shift weight toward the contralateral side.

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Arthrogenic Gait

A gait deviation caused by joint stiffness or pain. It can involve compensatory movements in other joints to maintain balance and mobility.

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What is the compensation in a stiff hip?

The body compensates for a stiff hip by exaggerating the movement of the opposite limb, such as ankle plantarflexion, to maintain balance.

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Gluteus Maximus Gait

A gait pattern characterized by a backward lurch or hyper-extension of the spine during heel strike and initial contact. This occurs due to weakness of the gluteus maximus muscle.

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Gluteus Medius Gait

A gait pattern characterized by a Trendelenburg gait, where the pelvis drops on the side of the weak gluteus medius muscle. This can involve contralateral trunk lean and pelvic tilting.

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Ataxic Gait

A gait characterized by poor coordination and balance due to sensory or neurological issues. It can involve slapping of the feet on the ground, staggering, and jerky movements.

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What is the primary cause of Ataxic Gait?

Ataxic gait is primarily caused by proprioceptive deficits, neurological impairments, or cerebellar dysfunction.

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What is the primary goal of an antalgic gait?

The primary goal of an antalgic gait is to minimize pain and protect the injured limb.

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What is the primary characteristic of an arthrogenic gait?

Arthrogenic gait is primarily characterized by stiffness and limited movement of the affected joint, leading to compensatory movements.

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What is a hallmark of Gluteus Maximus Gait?

A backward lurch or hyper-extension of the spine during heel strike and initial contact is a key sign of Gluteus Maximus Gait.

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Study Notes

Biomechanics of Gait and Gait Abnormalities

  • Gait is the normal progression of the body's movement
  • Includes walking, running, and stair climbing/gait
  • Gait cycle: time interval from heel strike to heel strike of the same foot
  • Phases: stance (60%) and swing (40%)
    • Stance (CKC): reference limb is in contact with the ground
    • Swing (OKC): reference limb is off the ground
  • Periods of Gait
    • Single limb support (80%): less stable
    • Double limb support (20%): more stable
  • Criteria for stability
    • Large base of support (BOS)
    • Center of gravity (COG) within BOS
    • Lower COG
  • Gait analysis involves kinematic (describes motion) and kinetic (analyzes forces) analysis
    • Kinematic gait analysis includes spatial (distance) and temporal (time) components
      • Spatial parameters include step width (2-4 inches/5-10 cm), step length (14-16 inches/28 inches), stride length (56 inches), Fick angle (7 degrees), lateral pelvic shift (2.5-5 cm), vertical pelvic shift (>5 cm), and pelvic rotation (8 degrees)
      • Temporal parameters include cadence (90-120 steps/minute for adults), walking speed (3 mph), and walking velocity (3 mph with direction)
    • Step time and stride time are temporal components measured during the gait cycle
  • Gait deviations include antalgic gait, ataxic gait, arthrogenic gait, contracture gait, short leg gait, and various other types based on specific joint pathologies (e.g., hip flexion contracture, weak hip flexors, weak hip extensors, weak quadriceps)
    • Antalgic gait is a painful gait to protect a painful area
    • Ataxic gait is a jerky, weaving gait caused by poor muscle coordination due to nervous problems
    • Arthrogenic gait is caused by stiffness in hip or knee joints
    • Contracture gait results from joint contracture, which causes limited range of motion
  • Gait analysis involves studying the ground reaction force (GRF), center of gravity (COG), center of pressure, and torque
    • Ground reaction force is the opposing force to the forces applied to the ground (Equal in magnitude but opposite in direction.)
    • Center of gravity is the point of balance for the body
    • Center of pressure is the area of the foot that is in contact with the ground
    • Torque is the rotational effect acting on the joints, caused by the external forces (GRF, gravity), and internal force (muscles)
  • Pediatric gait milestones, including the emergence of reciprocal arm swing by 18 months, and knee flexion by 2 years.
  • Various other gait deviations, such as gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, and different types of gait relating to spinal pathologies, like lumbar spine, are covered.

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Gait Analysis PDF

Description

This quiz explores the fundamentals of gait mechanics, including the phases of gait and the analysis of gait abnormalities. Understand the kinematic and kinetic dimensions of movement, and learn the criteria for stability during various walking and running actions.

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