Biomechanics and Orthopedic Biomechanics

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following types of forces is characterized by the contraction of muscle tissue?

Frictional Force

Muscular Force (correct)

Gravitational Force

Inertial Force

What type of force acts in a downward direction and attracts objects towards the center of the earth?

Inertial Force

Elastic Force

Gravitational Force (correct)

Contact Force

What key factor does NOT influence the severity or nature of an injury?

Duration of application

Direction of force

Color of surroundings (correct)

Magnitude of force

Which of the following forces is involved when two surfaces resist each other's motion?

Frictional Force Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is described as how often a force is applied in causing injuries?

Frequency Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of force in relation to an object's state of motion?

Force changes an object's state of rest or motion. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes internal forces?

Forces due to muscle contractions and other body structures. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes external forces acting on the body?

They can restrict or facilitate movement. Signup and view all the answers

How is weight defined in physical terms?

The pull of gravity on an object's mass. Signup and view all the answers

Which mathematical formula represents the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration?

F = m * a Signup and view all the answers

What happens to an object’s state of motion when a force is applied?

It may not accelerate if forces are balanced. Signup and view all the answers

What is the point of application for internal forces in muscles?

The tendon insertion or fixed point. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the moment of inertia?

Resistance to changes in angular motion. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes internal mechanics?

Muscle contractions and ligaments producing movement Signup and view all the answers

What is the fundamental difference between kinematics and kinetics?

Kinematics describes motion without regard to forces, while kinetics studies the forces involved. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of biomechanics, when is the body considered to be in a state of statics?

When all forces acting on the body are balanced Signup and view all the answers

What defines external mechanics in human movement?

Mechanical factors that control movement from outside the body Signup and view all the answers

How can kinematic variables be quantitatively assessed?

By employing numerical data for time and displacement Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of vector quantities in motion?

They combine magnitude with direction. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT considered an external mechanic that can influence movement?

Muscle strength Signup and view all the answers

What does kinetics specifically study within biomechanics?

The forces that produce or change motion Signup and view all the answers

Which action exemplifies angular motion in human biomechanics?

Flexing the knee joint while walking Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about injury mechanics is true?

Understanding both internal and external factors is crucial for injury prevention. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Biomechanics

Biomechanics is the study of motion and its causes in living tissues (human and animal)
It provides conceptual and mathematical tools for understanding animal and human movement
It helps professionals improve movement and make it safer
It provides key information on the most effective and safest movement patterns, equipment, and exercises
Physical educators, coaches, and athletic trainers use biomechanics to improve movement techniques
Physical therapists use biomechanics to analyze movement in injured patients qualitatively

Orthopedic Biomechanics

Orthopedic biomechanics is a branch of biomechanics focused on the human musculoskeletal system motions and forces.
Ortho is a medical specialty focusing on correcting and preventing skeletal deformities.
Orthopedic treats musculoskeletal disorders and bone-related issues.

Areas of Study, Research, and Practice

Biomechanics is applicable in sport, exercise science, coaching, equipment design (ergonomics), gait and locomotion, rehabilitation (physical and occupational therapy), prosthetics and orthotics, motor control, computer simulation, and video games (e.g., FIFA).

Different Sub-Fields of Biomechanics

Exercise and sport biomechanics aims to improve athletic performance and reduce injury through aspects such as landing strategies for injury prevention
Orthopedic biomechanics involves the study of artificial limbs, biological tissues, and ergonomic considerations for occupational tasks
Biomechanics of other biological systems looks at subjects like animal locomotion in creatures such as fish, apes, and the performance of horses and dogs.

Biomechanical Applications

Engineers and occupational therapists use biomechanics to design work tasks and assistive equipment to prevent overuse injuries
It is used in designing prosthetics and artificial limbs
Biomechanics is used in prescribing rehabilitative exercises, assistive devices, and orthotics to correct deformities and improve patient function

Biomechanical Testing, Evaluation, and Factors affecting Movement

Biomechanical testing is used for identifying aberrant movement patterns and altered neuromuscular strategies due to musculoskeletal and neurological injuries, where standard clinical evaluation may not capture them. It aids in patient risk prediction for injuries.
It examines the complexities of human musculoskeletal function by analyzing segments' role, connective tissues, muscles, and external influences on these structures.
Human motion is fundamentally complex, involving multiple body segments and forces acting simultaneously.

Types of Human Movement

Translational/Linear Movement: Movement along a straight or curved line
Angular/Rotational Movement: Rotation around an axis; it is often combined with linear movement.
General Motion is a combination of both angular and linear motions.

Human Movement Mechanics, Internal and External

Internal mechanics: The mechanical factors originating from inside the body (e.g., muscle contraction, ligaments and tendons) are considered for producing and controlling movement.
External mechanics: The mechanical factors acting on the body from outside (e.g., gravity, collision forces).

Mechanics of Motion: Statics and Dynamics

Statics: The study of bodies in equilibrium where all forces acting on the object are balanced (ΣF=0)
Dynamics: The study of bodies that are accelerating due to unbalanced forces (ΣF≠0)

Kinematics and Kinetics

Kinematics describes movement without considering the forces causing that motion.
Kinetics describes and studies the forces that produce or change motion (e.g., force, mass, inertia, torque)

Kinematics: Temporal and Spatial Characteristics

Temporal characteristics examines details like time spent during a movement, speed changes (accelerations and decelerations), and rate of motion.
Spatial characteristics describes the movement path, its direction, magnitude and location of motion
Kinematics variables are used to evaluate movement quality and efficiency.

Kinematic Variables: Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration

Displacement is the change in position independent of the path taken
Velocity is the rate of change in displacement with respect to time
Acceleration describes the rate of change in velocity over time.

Vectors and Scalars

Vectors have both magnitude and direction, such as force and velocity.
Scalars have only magnitude, such as distance and speed.

Kinematic Measurements

Temporal aspects like the time in the air during a jump or exercise.
Spatial aspects like the direction and location.
Measuring magnitude and speed like velocity or acceleration in a movement.

Goniometry and Motion Analysis Lab

Goniometry is used to measure the magnitude of joint motion.
Motion analysis labs, and tools like video recording, help measure kinematic variables like displacement, velocity, and acceleration during human movement.

ROM (Range of Motion), Measurement Tools

Various tools – such as goniometers and motion-capture systems are used by therapists to measure ROM

Videotaping and Motion Analysis Lab

Video recording is used alongside motion analysis equipment for measuring movement details

Kinematic variables (Angular)

Angular position (θ) describes the orientation of a segment
Angular velocity (ω) is the rate of change in angular position over time.
Angular acceleration (α) is the rate of change of angular velocity over time

Statistical Analysis, Diagrams and Reports

Data from various analyses (motion capture, video recording or other methods) allows for detailed descriptions of movement.
Free body diagrams show forces acting on a body
Kinematic analysis enables understanding of motion and forces impacting human bodies.

Center of Mass (COM)

COM is a representation of the body or body segment to reduce the mass distribution to a single point or a location on the object. It is an important factor for posture analysis and balance.
A reference for measuring the position of objects, and for calculations, or for theoretical analyses

Segmental Centers of Mass and Gravitational Forces

Two or more segments of a body can be analysed as a whole to simplify force applications regarding posture, or movement.
COM of the composed body changes if the segments change their arrangements.
Gravity's application is affected by segment arrangement and the joint or rotational centre..

Posture Analysis

Analyzing posture helps prevent injuries and ensure good long-term health by identifying appropriate positions, especially in posture evaluations
The ideal posture involves balancing the body weight in a way that the plumb line of the body passes through several key points, ensuring stability and avoiding disproportionate weight bearing.
Posture analysis can measure shoulder, hip, knee, and ankle symmetry, which are important for assessing a person’s health and preventing injuries.

Isokinetic

Isokinetic exercises involve a constant/same speed (velocity).
Dynamometers are used for applying and measuring during these exercises.

Injury-Causing Situations

Several factors contribute to injury, including force magnitude, location, duration of application, frequency, variability, and rate of force application
Assessing these factors helps in understanding injury risk factors and designing appropriate prevention strategies

Different Types of Forces

Internal forces originate from within the body, such as muscle contractions or ligament pulls
External forces come from sources outside the body, such as gravity, wind, or contact with other objects

Force Characteristics

Force: A push or pull that changes a body’s state of rest or motion
Vectors: Force is a vector quantity including magnitude, direction, and point of application.
Gravity: The Earth's attraction acting at the center of mass of an object (CoM or center of gravity).
Internal Forces such as those from muscle contraction, ligaments, bones and blood flow/fluid.
External Forces, such as gravity, wind, and other objects impacting the body. This includes force during collisions (e.g., in sports).

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Description

Explore the principles of biomechanics and its specific application in orthopedic biomechanics. This quiz covers the effects of motion and forces on human movement and provides insights into improving movement techniques in various fields such as sports, physical therapy, and coaching. Enhance your understanding of this essential scientific discipline.