Biomechanical Principles: Internal and External Forces
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Questions and Answers

What is the unit for velocity?

  • m/s (correct)
  • m
  • degree
  • N

    • Which physical quantity is defined as the rate of change in velocity?

  • Displacement
  • Acceleration (correct)
  • Torque
  • Force

    • What is the unit for force according to Newton's second law?

  • J
  • kg
  • N (correct)
  • m/s²

    • How is work calculated based on force and displacement?

    <p>Force times displacement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physical quantity is defined as the rate of doing work?

    <p>Power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Newton's third law state?

    <p>Every action has a reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of movement does kinematics describe?

    <p>Visualization of motion without understanding how or why</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered a push or pull that can produce, arrest, or modify movement?

    <p>Force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does momentum measure?

    <p>Mass times velocity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the rotatory component My (Sy, Wy)?

    <p>Causes rotation and produces torque</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of force acts parallel to the forearm and compresses or stabilizes the joint?

    <p>X component</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a second-class lever, what do applications of the resolution of forces help describe and calculate?

    <p>The rectangular components of muscle force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the changing angle of a joint influence the X and Y components of forces applied to a bone?

    <p>It decreases the X component and increases the Y component</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a constant magnitude biceps muscle force (M) at different elbow joint positions result in?

    <p>Different magnitudes of MX and MY force components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of force acts perpendicularly to the long axis of a segment, causing rotation?

    <p>Y component</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Mx (Sx, Wx) represent in terms of its action on a bony segment?

    <p>Compression and stabilization of the joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the X component of muscle force on a bone?

    <p>Act parallel to the bony segment for stabilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does changing the angle-of-insertion (α) affect the MX and MY force components with a constant magnitude biceps muscle force?

    <p>It decreases only MX and keeps MY constant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the center of gravity (CoG) dependent on?

    <p>The arrangement of segments in space and the distribution of mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do forces applied to the body cause?

    <p>Both translation and rotation of a body segment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the moment arm?

    <p>The distance between the force and the axis of rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is torque?

    <p>The product of the force and the moment arm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the internal moment arm?

    <p>The distance between the joint's axis of rotation and the effective internal force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the external moment arm?

    <p>The distance between the joint's axis of rotation and the effective site of external force application</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which plane do torques or moments occur?

    <p>In planes around an axis of rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition for equilibrium in a first-class lever system?

    <p>The product of the muscle force and the internal moment arm equals the product of the external force and the external moment arm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of lever system is the head-and-neck extensor muscles controlling the posture of the head in the sagittal plane?

    <p>First-class lever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are internal forces?

    <p>Forces produced from structures located within the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an example of an external force?

    <p>The tension in a stretched muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the collective name for Newton's laws of motion?

    <p>The laws of inertia, acceleration, and action-reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Law of inertia describe?

    <p>The tendency of an object to resist changes in its state of motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about active forces is TRUE?

    <p>They are typically under voluntary control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Newton's laws of motion in the context of human movement analysis?

    <p>To determine the outcome of all movement based on the forces applied</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of force is generated by the tension in stretched joint capsules?

    <p>Passive force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of options/distractors in a well-constructed multiple-choice question?

    <p>Options should contain clues about the correct answer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What scientific work provided the basic laws and principles of mechanics for understanding human movement analysis?

    <p>Newton's Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of force arises from outside the body?

    <p>External</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is required to completely describe a vector in biomechanical analysis?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the center of gravity (CoG) of the body located when in anatomic position?

    <p>Anterior to the second sacral vertebra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the orientation of the line of gravity (LoG)?

    <p>Vertically downward toward the center of the earth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For an object to be stable, where must the line of gravity (LoG) fall?

    <p>Within the base of support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to the greater stability of an object?

    <p>A larger base of support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to an object's stability in relation to its center of gravity?

    <p>The closer the center of gravity is to the base of support, the more stable the object</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an internal force?

    <p>Muscle contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the magnitude of a vector quantity used to represent in biomechanical analysis?

    <p>The length drawn to represent the amount of force</p> Signup and view all the answers

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