Biomechanical Principles: Internal and External Forces
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Questions and Answers

What is the unit for velocity?

  • m/s (correct)
  • m
  • degree
  • N

Which physical quantity is defined as the rate of change in velocity?

  • Displacement
  • Acceleration (correct)
  • Torque
  • Force

What is the unit for force according to Newton's second law?

  • J
  • kg
  • N (correct)
  • m/s²

How is work calculated based on force and displacement?

<p>Force times displacement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which physical quantity is defined as the rate of doing work?

<p>Power (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Newton's third law state?

<p>Every action has a reaction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of movement does kinematics describe?

<p>Visualization of motion without understanding how or why (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a push or pull that can produce, arrest, or modify movement?

<p>Force (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does momentum measure?

<p>Mass times velocity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the rotatory component My (Sy, Wy)?

<p>Causes rotation and produces torque (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of force acts parallel to the forearm and compresses or stabilizes the joint?

<p>X component (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a second-class lever, what do applications of the resolution of forces help describe and calculate?

<p>The rectangular components of muscle force (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the changing angle of a joint influence the X and Y components of forces applied to a bone?

<p>It decreases the X component and increases the Y component (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a constant magnitude biceps muscle force (M) at different elbow joint positions result in?

<p>Different magnitudes of MX and MY force components (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of force acts perpendicularly to the long axis of a segment, causing rotation?

<p>Y component (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Mx (Sx, Wx) represent in terms of its action on a bony segment?

<p>Compression and stabilization of the joint (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the X component of muscle force on a bone?

<p>Act parallel to the bony segment for stabilization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does changing the angle-of-insertion (α) affect the MX and MY force components with a constant magnitude biceps muscle force?

<p>It decreases only MX and keeps MY constant (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of the center of gravity (CoG) dependent on?

<p>The arrangement of segments in space and the distribution of mass (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do forces applied to the body cause?

<p>Both translation and rotation of a body segment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the moment arm?

<p>The distance between the force and the axis of rotation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is torque?

<p>The product of the force and the moment arm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the internal moment arm?

<p>The distance between the joint's axis of rotation and the effective internal force (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the external moment arm?

<p>The distance between the joint's axis of rotation and the effective site of external force application (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which plane do torques or moments occur?

<p>In planes around an axis of rotation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition for equilibrium in a first-class lever system?

<p>The product of the muscle force and the internal moment arm equals the product of the external force and the external moment arm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of lever system is the head-and-neck extensor muscles controlling the posture of the head in the sagittal plane?

<p>First-class lever (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are internal forces?

<p>Forces produced from structures located within the body (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of an external force?

<p>The tension in a stretched muscle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the collective name for Newton's laws of motion?

<p>The laws of inertia, acceleration, and action-reaction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Law of inertia describe?

<p>The tendency of an object to resist changes in its state of motion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about active forces is TRUE?

<p>They are typically under voluntary control (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of Newton's laws of motion in the context of human movement analysis?

<p>To determine the outcome of all movement based on the forces applied (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of force is generated by the tension in stretched joint capsules?

<p>Passive force (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of options/distractors in a well-constructed multiple-choice question?

<p>Options should contain clues about the correct answer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What scientific work provided the basic laws and principles of mechanics for understanding human movement analysis?

<p>Newton's Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of force arises from outside the body?

<p>External (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is required to completely describe a vector in biomechanical analysis?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the center of gravity (CoG) of the body located when in anatomic position?

<p>Anterior to the second sacral vertebra (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the orientation of the line of gravity (LoG)?

<p>Vertically downward toward the center of the earth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For an object to be stable, where must the line of gravity (LoG) fall?

<p>Within the base of support (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to the greater stability of an object?

<p>A larger base of support (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to an object's stability in relation to its center of gravity?

<p>The closer the center of gravity is to the base of support, the more stable the object (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an internal force?

<p>Muscle contraction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the magnitude of a vector quantity used to represent in biomechanical analysis?

<p>The length drawn to represent the amount of force (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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