Biomechanical Principles: Internal and External Forces

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What is the unit for velocity?

m/s (correct)

m

degree

N

Which physical quantity is defined as the rate of change in velocity?

Displacement

Acceleration (correct)

Torque

Force

What is the unit for force according to Newton's second law?

J

kg

N (correct)

m/s²

How is work calculated based on force and displacement?

Force times displacement Signup and view all the answers

Which physical quantity is defined as the rate of doing work?

Power Signup and view all the answers

What does Newton's third law state?

Every action has a reaction Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of movement does kinematics describe?

Visualization of motion without understanding how or why Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a push or pull that can produce, arrest, or modify movement?

Force Signup and view all the answers

What does momentum measure?

Mass times velocity Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the rotatory component My (Sy, Wy)?

Causes rotation and produces torque Signup and view all the answers

Which component of force acts parallel to the forearm and compresses or stabilizes the joint?

X component Signup and view all the answers

In a second-class lever, what do applications of the resolution of forces help describe and calculate?

The rectangular components of muscle force Signup and view all the answers

How does the changing angle of a joint influence the X and Y components of forces applied to a bone?

It decreases the X component and increases the Y component Signup and view all the answers

What does a constant magnitude biceps muscle force (M) at different elbow joint positions result in?

Different magnitudes of MX and MY force components Signup and view all the answers

Which component of force acts perpendicularly to the long axis of a segment, causing rotation?

Y component Signup and view all the answers

What does Mx (Sx, Wx) represent in terms of its action on a bony segment?

Compression and stabilization of the joint Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the X component of muscle force on a bone?

Act parallel to the bony segment for stabilization Signup and view all the answers

How does changing the angle-of-insertion (α) affect the MX and MY force components with a constant magnitude biceps muscle force?

It decreases only MX and keeps MY constant Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of the center of gravity (CoG) dependent on?

The arrangement of segments in space and the distribution of mass Signup and view all the answers

What do forces applied to the body cause?

Both translation and rotation of a body segment Signup and view all the answers

What is the moment arm?

The distance between the force and the axis of rotation Signup and view all the answers

What is torque?

The product of the force and the moment arm Signup and view all the answers

What is the internal moment arm?

The distance between the joint's axis of rotation and the effective internal force Signup and view all the answers

What is the external moment arm?

The distance between the joint's axis of rotation and the effective site of external force application Signup and view all the answers

In which plane do torques or moments occur?

In planes around an axis of rotation Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition for equilibrium in a first-class lever system?

The product of the muscle force and the internal moment arm equals the product of the external force and the external moment arm Signup and view all the answers

What type of lever system is the head-and-neck extensor muscles controlling the posture of the head in the sagittal plane?

First-class lever Signup and view all the answers

What are internal forces?

Forces produced from structures located within the body Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of an external force?

The tension in a stretched muscle Signup and view all the answers

What is the collective name for Newton's laws of motion?

The laws of inertia, acceleration, and action-reaction Signup and view all the answers

What does the Law of inertia describe?

The tendency of an object to resist changes in its state of motion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about active forces is TRUE?

They are typically under voluntary control Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of Newton's laws of motion in the context of human movement analysis?

To determine the outcome of all movement based on the forces applied Signup and view all the answers

What type of force is generated by the tension in stretched joint capsules?

Passive force Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of options/distractors in a well-constructed multiple-choice question?

Options should contain clues about the correct answer Signup and view all the answers

What scientific work provided the basic laws and principles of mechanics for understanding human movement analysis?

Newton's Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687) Signup and view all the answers

What type of force arises from outside the body?

External Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is required to completely describe a vector in biomechanical analysis?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Where is the center of gravity (CoG) of the body located when in anatomic position?

Anterior to the second sacral vertebra Signup and view all the answers

What is the orientation of the line of gravity (LoG)?

Vertically downward toward the center of the earth Signup and view all the answers

For an object to be stable, where must the line of gravity (LoG) fall?

Within the base of support Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to the greater stability of an object?

A larger base of support Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to an object's stability in relation to its center of gravity?

The closer the center of gravity is to the base of support, the more stable the object Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an internal force?

Muscle contraction Signup and view all the answers

What is the magnitude of a vector quantity used to represent in biomechanical analysis?

The length drawn to represent the amount of force Signup and view all the answers

Biomechanical Principles: Internal and External Forces

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Questions and Answers

What is the unit for velocity?

Which physical quantity is defined as the rate of change in velocity?

What is the unit for force according to Newton's second law?

How is work calculated based on force and displacement?

Which physical quantity is defined as the rate of doing work?

What does Newton's third law state?

What aspect of movement does kinematics describe?

What is considered a push or pull that can produce, arrest, or modify movement?

What does momentum measure?

What is the function of the rotatory component My (Sy, Wy)?

Which component of force acts parallel to the forearm and compresses or stabilizes the joint?

In a second-class lever, what do applications of the resolution of forces help describe and calculate?

How does the changing angle of a joint influence the X and Y components of forces applied to a bone?

What does a constant magnitude biceps muscle force (M) at different elbow joint positions result in?

Which component of force acts perpendicularly to the long axis of a segment, causing rotation?

What does Mx (Sx, Wx) represent in terms of its action on a bony segment?

What is the primary purpose of the X component of muscle force on a bone?

How does changing the angle-of-insertion (α) affect the MX and MY force components with a constant magnitude biceps muscle force?

What is the location of the center of gravity (CoG) dependent on?

What do forces applied to the body cause?

What is the moment arm?

What is torque?

What is the internal moment arm?

What is the external moment arm?

In which plane do torques or moments occur?

What is the condition for equilibrium in a first-class lever system?

What type of lever system is the head-and-neck extensor muscles controlling the posture of the head in the sagittal plane?

What are internal forces?

Which of the following is NOT an example of an external force?

What is the collective name for Newton's laws of motion?

What does the Law of inertia describe?

Which of the following statements about active forces is TRUE?

What is the primary purpose of Newton's laws of motion in the context of human movement analysis?

What type of force is generated by the tension in stretched joint capsules?

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of options/distractors in a well-constructed multiple-choice question?

What scientific work provided the basic laws and principles of mechanics for understanding human movement analysis?

What type of force arises from outside the body?

Which of the following is required to completely describe a vector in biomechanical analysis?

Where is the center of gravity (CoG) of the body located when in anatomic position?

What is the orientation of the line of gravity (LoG)?

For an object to be stable, where must the line of gravity (LoG) fall?

Which factor contributes to the greater stability of an object?

What contributes to an object's stability in relation to its center of gravity?

Which of the following is an example of an internal force?

What is the magnitude of a vector quantity used to represent in biomechanical analysis?

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