BIOM*3200: Blood & Immune System

During neutrophil extravasation, what triggers the exit sites to open between leukocytes and endothelial cells?

What is the primary mechanism by which Natural Killer (NK) cells destroy infected or cancerous cells?

How do antibodies contribute to the activation of the complement system?

What is the function of the histamine released by mast cells and basophils, and what triggers its release?

Explain how the morphology and staining characteristics differentiate basophils from other granulocytes?

Describe the process by which cytotoxic T cells induce apoptosis in target cells displaying foreign antigens.

Explain why memory cells are important for long-term immunity.

How does the classical pathway of the complement system initiate the complement cascade?

How do monoclonal antibodies contribute to the function of defense?

What is the role of C3a and C5a in the complement cascade?

Describe the key differences between the first and second exposures to an antigen in terms of antibody production.

What is the current understanding of how monocytes differentiate into macrophages, and what factors influence this transition?

How does a macrophage present an antigen to a helper T cell, and why is this interaction critical for adaptive immunity?

State the key role of helper T cells in activating both cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immune responses.

What is the mechanism by which the membrane attack complex (MAC) leads to cell lysis, and which complement proteins are involved in its formation?

How do neutrophils, using the process of extravasation, move from the bloodstream into infected tissues, and what signals attract them?

What triggers the development of autoimmune diseases, and name a specific example of an autoimmune disease targeting a specific antigen?

What are the two main types of allergic reactions, and how do they differ in terms of the immune cells and molecules involved?

Describe how histamine contributes to the symptoms observed during an allergic reaction.

What are the steps of inflammation and what is the function of each?

How does the body initially respond to endotoxins during a localized infection, and what happens when endotoxins enter systemically to induce sepsis?

Are antibodies able to destroy pathogenic bacteria directly? If not, then how bacterial infections are fought with the presence of antibodies?

What is the role of CD4 proteins in the activation of an antigen-presenting cell?

Explain the difference between the three pathways of the complement pathways.

Which immune cells are classified as granulocytes, and what is a shared characteristic among them?

Why is HIV considered a retrovirus, and what implications does this have for its ability to cause long-term infection?

How does the clonal selection theory explain the development of specialized B cells?

How do macrophages combat foreign invaders that enter the body?

List the functions of eosinophils.

Why are leukocytes important to the immune system?

Briefly describe the process of leukopoiesis.

How can antigens be described?

Besides infections, what other conditions can trigger fever?

What are the morphological characteristics of neutrophils?

What are the three types of cells within the lymphocytes?

What are the name of the proteins presented on the surface of a cell that are important for a immune response?

State the process for Helper T cells to elicit a response to a threat.

Can autoimmune diseases be caused by genetics? If so, state how.

How can AIDS be contracted?