Biology Vocabulary Chapter 1.4.1

1.4.1 Words to Learn

• Oxygen: A colorless gas in the air.
• Carbon dioxide: A colorless gas exhaled during respiration, used in photosynthesis by plants.
• Host: A living thing a parasite infects.
• Bacteria: Organisms living on or in an organism that can cause disease.
• Parasite: Tiny organism that causes infection.
• Fungi: Living things that get energy from the environment.
• Infection: To spread disease from one place to another.
• Transmit: Spread a disease.
• Vector: An organism, like an insect, that transmits a disease or parasite between living things.
• Physical barrier: Something that stops germs from entering the body (e.g., skin).
• Chemical barrier: Something that kills germs on the body surface (e.g., mucus).
• Mucus: A slimy substance in the body.
• Microorganisms/Microbes: Tiny living organisms not visible to the naked eye.
• Fertilization: The union of a male sex cell and a female sex cell.
• Hormones: Body chemicals causing changes, particularly during puberty.
• Menstruation: The release of an unfertilized egg and the uterine lining.
• Ova: Female sex cells.
• Puberty: The age when a person can reproduce.
• Reproductive system: Body parts enabling reproduction.
• Sperm: Male sex cells.

1.2 The Respiratory System

• Function: Enables breathing in oxygen and breathing out carbon dioxide.
• Organs: Nose, trachea, lungs, and diaphragm.
• Breathing process: Inhalation (breathing in) and exhalation (breathing out).
• Diaphragm: Muscle aiding breathing.
• Respiratory disorders: Examples include asthma, bronchitis, and pneumonia.
• Maintaining health: Avoid smoking, maintain good air quality, exercise, practise good hygiene.

1.3 The Reproductive System - Key Facts About Puberty

• Changes During Puberty: Boys and girls experience physical changes in their bodies, especially in the reproductive system, allowing them to become parents.
• Reproductive System Role: The main function is producing cells for reproduction. Boys produce sperm, and girls produce ova (eggs).
• Fertilization: The joining of sperm and egg, starting a new living being.

1.3 Reproductive System - Key Facts About Puberty - (Boys)

• Boys' bodies start producing sperm during puberty.

1.3 Reproductive System - Key Facts About Puberty (Girls)

• Girls' bodies begin developing ova. Menstruation (periods) starts about a year after the onset of puberty.

Changes in the Reproductive System - Key Facts About Puberty

• What is Puberty?: Stage of life when the body changes and reproduction becomes possible.
• Why Does Puberty Happen? : Caused by hormones.
• Growth Spurt: Rapid growth during puberty, different rates in boys and girls.
• Growth in Boys: Up to 10 cm per year.
• Growth in Girls: Up to 12 cm per year.
• Hair Growth: Boys and girls experience hair growth on different areas of the body.
• Skin Changes: Oily skin and pimples can occur in both boys and girls.
• Changes in Boys: Broader shoulders, bigger chest muscles and deeper voices.
• Changes in Girls: Wider hips, developing breasts and deeper voices.

1.4 Infectious Diseases

• What are Infectious Diseases?: Illnesses caused by tiny germs (bacteria, viruses, parasites).
• How Do They Spread?: Through air, water, touch, or insects.
• Common Signs: Symptoms include fever, cough, tiredness, and stomach problems
• Mucus: Sticky mucus in the nose and respiratory tract traps germs.
• Skin: Acts as a barrier to stop germs.
• Acid: Acid in the stomach kills germs in eaten food.

Male Reproductive System

• Organs: Two testes (produce sperm), sperm duct (carries sperm), and penis (delivers sperm).

Female Reproductive System

• Organs: Ovaries (produce eggs), uterus/womb (where the baby develops), oviducts (fertilization location), and birth canal.