Biology Unit 3: Cells Study Quiz

Unit 3: Cells - Topic List Study Notes

• Topic 3.1 - Enzyme Structure (Ch. 8):

  • Enzymes are proteins.
  • Enzymes have an active site.
  • Enzymes have an allosteric site (possibly).
  • Enzyme structure includes protein folding.
  • The substrate's shape and charge are specific to the enzyme it binds to.
  • The induced fit model describes how the enzyme changes shape when the substrate binds.

• Topic 3.2 - Enzyme Catalysis (Ch. 8):

  • Enzymes speed up chemical reactions.
  • Activation energy is lowered with enzymes.
  • Enzymes act as catalysts.

• Topic 3.3 - Environmental Impacts on Enzyme Function (Ch. 8):

  • Enzyme structure affects function.
  • Denaturation changes enzyme shape and reduces activity.
  • Substrate specificity means each enzyme works with a particular substrate.
  • Cellular environment factors (pH, substrate/enzyme concentration, temperature) impact enzyme activity.
  • Competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors affect enzyme activity.

• Topic 3.4 - Cellular Energy (Ch. 8):

  • Living things need continuous energy input.
  • Metabolic pathways release energy in series of reactions.
  • Breaking down glucose in a single step is inefficient.
  • The second law of thermodynamics cannot be violated.

• Topic 3.6 - Cellular Respiration (Ch. 9):

  • Organisms use energy from biological macromolecules.
  • Cellular respiration or fermentation is used for energy.
  • Energy coupling uses electrochemical gradients.
  • Glycolysis releases energy to form ATP and NADH.
  • Pyruvate oxidation prepares pyruvate for the Krebs cycle.
  • The Krebs cycle breaks down Acetyl-CoA releasing energy and CO2, producing ATP.

• Topic 3.5 - Photosynthesis (Ch. 10):

  • Photosynthesis evolved in organisms.
  • Light dependent reactions convert light energy to chemical energy (NADPH and ATP).
  • The Calvin cycle uses NADPH and ATP to produce carbohydrates.
  • Chlorophyll is key to capturing light.
  • Photosynthesis helps plants use light for energy and convert it into a transferable energy form.
  • Different plants have different pathways for carbon fixation (C3, C4, CAM).

• NADH and FADH2:

  • NADH and FADH2 are electron carriers in the electron transport chain.
  • The electron transport chain creates an electrochemical gradient used to produce ATP.
  • Fermentation is used when oxygen is not available, producing ATP in small amounts.