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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the stomata in plant cells?
What is the primary function of the stomata in plant cells?
Which of the following accurately describes the role of ATP in cells?
Which of the following accurately describes the role of ATP in cells?
In cellular respiration, where does the Krebs cycle take place?
In cellular respiration, where does the Krebs cycle take place?
What was the primary conclusion from Van Helmont's experiment regarding plant growth?
What was the primary conclusion from Van Helmont's experiment regarding plant growth?
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Which of the following best defines the term 'homeostasis'?
Which of the following best defines the term 'homeostasis'?
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Which of the following describes a 'parasitism' interaction?
Which of the following describes a 'parasitism' interaction?
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What is unique about the cell wall?
What is unique about the cell wall?
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What is the function of the cell membrane?
What is the function of the cell membrane?
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Which of the following best describes the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane?
Which of the following best describes the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane?
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A plant cell placed in a solution with a higher solute concentration than its cytoplasm is considered to be in which type of environment?
A plant cell placed in a solution with a higher solute concentration than its cytoplasm is considered to be in which type of environment?
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Which of the following represents the correct order of taxonomic classification from broadest to most specific?
Which of the following represents the correct order of taxonomic classification from broadest to most specific?
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What is the primary function of a capsid in a virus structure?
What is the primary function of a capsid in a virus structure?
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Which of the following describes the main difference between monocots and dicots?
Which of the following describes the main difference between monocots and dicots?
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What type of tropism is represented by a plant's roots growing downwards?
What type of tropism is represented by a plant's roots growing downwards?
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What is the primary role of an antibody in the immune system?
What is the primary role of an antibody in the immune system?
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An organism with the genotype 'Bb' for a specific trait is considered to be:
An organism with the genotype 'Bb' for a specific trait is considered to be:
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If a tall plant (T) is dominant over a short plant (t), what is the phenotype of a plant with the genotype 'Tt'?
If a tall plant (T) is dominant over a short plant (t), what is the phenotype of a plant with the genotype 'Tt'?
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In a situation where both alleles of a gene are expressed equally in an organism, it is known as:
In a situation where both alleles of a gene are expressed equally in an organism, it is known as:
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What significant contribution did Thomas Hunt Morgan make to the field of genetics?
What significant contribution did Thomas Hunt Morgan make to the field of genetics?
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Which process results in cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell?
Which process results in cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell?
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What is the main function of transcription in the cell?
What is the main function of transcription in the cell?
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What are codons primarily responsible for?
What are codons primarily responsible for?
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What is the purpose of selective breeding?
What is the purpose of selective breeding?
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Study Notes
Unit 1A: Characteristics of Organisms
- Organisms grow and develop over time.
- Organisms respond to their environment.
- Organisms maintain homeostasis, a stable internal environment (e.g., temperature, glucose).
- Organisms share a genetic code.
Specialized Plant Cells
- Plants exchange gases (CO2, O2, H2O) through tiny openings called stomata.
Chemical Energy and ATP
- ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the base energy source for all cells.
- ATP comprises adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups.
Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis
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Cellular Respiration: Breaks down glucose to produce ATP.
- Substages: glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain.
- Locations: cytoplasm, mitochondrial matrix, mitochondrial membrane.
- Raw materials: glucose, oxygen
- Waste products: water, carbon dioxide, oxygen.
- Major products: ATP, water
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Photosynthesis: Converts light energy into chemical energy.
- Substages: light-dependent, light-independent (Calvin cycle).
- Locations: thylakoids, stroma
- Raw materials: water, carbon dioxide, light.
- Waste products: oxygen.
- Major products: glucose, ATP.
Photosynthesis Experiments
- Van Helmont: concluded plant mass gain comes from water.
- Priestley: discovered plants release oxygen.
- Jan Ingenhousz: found light is needed for plant oxygen production.
Definitions
- Homeostasis: maintaining a stable internal environment.
- Autotrophs: organisms that make their own food (e.g., plants).
- Heterotrophs: organisms that eat other organisms (e.g., animals).
- Cell Specialization: different cells perform specific tasks in an organism.
- Cell Culture: growing cells outside their natural environment.
- Cell Fractionation: separating cell parts using a centrifuge.
- Intraspecific competition: competition within the same species.
- Interspecific competition: competition between different species.
- Predation: one organism capturing and consuming another.
- Symbiosis: two species living closely together.
- Mutualism: both species benefit from the relationship.
- Commensalism: one species benefits, the other is unaffected.
- Parasitism: one species benefits, the other is harmed.
- Cell wall: rigid outer layer (plants only).
- Cell membrane (plasma membrane): double layer of lipids and proteins surrounding the cell.
- Prokaryotes: cells lacking a nucleus (e.g., bacteria).
- Eukaryotes: cells with a nucleus (e.g., animals, plants).
- Diffusion: movement of particles from high to low concentration.
- Osmosis: movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
- Hypertonic: higher solute concentration.
- Hypotonic: lower solute concentration.
- Isotonic: equal solute concentration.
- Lactic Fermentation: metabolic process converting glucose to energy under anaerobic conditions.
Unit 1B: Classification and Viruses
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Classification System: grouping species into categories (Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species).
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Binomial Nomenclature: two-part scientific name for each species (italicized).
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Traditional Classification: based on structure and characteristics.
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Cladogram: diagram showing evolutionary relationships.
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Monera: former kingdom now divided into Eubacteria and Archaebacteria.
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Gram staining: distinguishes two types of bacterial cell walls.
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Decomposers: organisms that break down dead matter.
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Virus Structure: composed of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) and a protein coat (capsid).
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Asexual Reproduction: reproduction without a partner.
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Sexual Reproduction: reproduction with another organism.
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Bacteriophage: viruses that infect and reproduce in bacteria.
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Angiosperms: flowering plants with seeds enclosed in a structure.
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Monocot: one seed leaf
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Dicot: two seed leaves
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Fruit: ripened ovary containing seeds.
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Seed dispersal methods: wind, animals.
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Tropism: plant response to a stimulus.
- Positive tropism: growth toward the stimulus.
- Negative tropism: growth away from the stimulus.
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Gravitropism: response to gravity
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Dormancy: period of suspended growth and development.
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Positive immunity: introduction of foreign antibodies that are only temporary and will be fought by the body.
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Antibody: protein that recognizes and binds to specific antigens
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Antigen: substance that triggers an immune response.
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Virus particle: composed of nucleic acid and protein components.
Unit 2: Genetics
- Genotype: organism's genetic makeup.
- Phenotype: organism's physical traits.
- True-breeding parent: self-pollinating plant that produces offspring identical to itself.
- Offspring: product of sexual or asexual reproduction.
- Parental Generation (P): initial pair of plants.
- Offspring Generation (F1): first generation offspring.
- Mendel's Study: focused on inheritance patterns (flower color, seed shape).
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Mendel's Conclusions:
- Traits passed from generation to generation through factors (genes).
- Different forms of a gene are alleles.
- Principle of dominance: some alleles are dominant, others recessive.
- Punnett square: predicting genetic combinations from a cross.
- Codominance: both alleles are equally expressed.
- Incomplete dominance: blended expression of alleles.
- Dominant allele: allele whose effect masks the recessive allele.
- Recessive allele: allele whose effect is masked by a dominant allele.
- Thomas Hunt Morgan's Findings: genes are located on chromosomes.
- Nobel Prize: awarded to Morgan in 1933.
- Diploid (2N): two sets of chromosomes.
- Haploid (n): one set of chromosomes.
- Crossover: exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes in meiosis.
- Independent assortment: random distribution of alleles during gamete formation.
- Mitosis: cell division that produces identical cells.
- Meiosis: cell division that produces gametes (sex cells).
- Linked genes: genes located close together on the same chromosome.
- Griffith's findings: bacteria can transfer genetic information (transformation).
- Transcription: DNA is copied into RNA for protein synthesis.
- Codons: three-base sequences in mRNA that code for amino acids.
- Gene mutation: permanent alteration in DNA.
- Lac repressor: protein that regulates lactose metabolism genes.
- Hox genes: control embryonic development.
- Selective breeding: choosing organisms with desired traits for reproduction.
- Genetic engineering: modifying genes using technology.
- Hybridization: breeding dissimilar organisms.
- Inbreeding: breeding similar organisms.
- Polyploid: possessing more than two complete sets of chromosomes.
- DNA gel electrophoresis: separating DNA fragments by size.
- DNA cloning: creating many copies of a gene.
- Ribosomal DNA: crucial for protein synthesis.
- Genetic marker: sequence of DNA to track genetics.
- Pedigree: diagram of family relationships.
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Description
Explore the essential characteristics of organisms in this quiz covering growth, response to the environment, and homeostasis. Delve into specialized plant cells and the processes of cellular respiration and photosynthesis, highlighting the critical roles of ATP in energy conversion.
