Biology: Types of Reproduction

Asexual Reproduction: production of offspring that are genetically identical to the parent
- Occurs in prokaryotes, some eukaryotes, and viruses
- Methods: binary fission, fragmentation, budding
Sexual Reproduction: production of offspring that are genetically unique and combine traits from two parents
- Occurs in most eukaryotes
- Involves meiosis, fertilization, and gamete formation

Meiosis: process of gamete formation, resulting in four non-identical daughter cells
- Consists of meiosis I and meiosis II
- Reduces chromosome number by half
Gamete Formation: formation of sperm and egg cells
- Sperm cells: produced by meiosis in males, motile, and haploid
- Egg cells: produced by meiosis in females, non-motile, and haploid
Fertilization: fusion of sperm and egg cells, resulting in a zygote
- Zygote: diploid, has a unique combination of genetic traits
Embryonic Development: development of a zygote into a mature organism
- Involves multiple stages, including cleavage, gastrulation, and organogenesis

R-Selection: emphasis on producing many offspring, with little parental investment
- Typical in species with high mortality rates, such as fish and insects
K-Selection: emphasis on producing few offspring, with high parental investment
- Typical in species with low mortality rates, such as humans and elephants

Male Reproductive System: produces, stores, and delivers sperm
- Components: testes, epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, penis
Female Reproductive System: produces, stores, and delivers eggs
- Components: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina

Asexual reproduction produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent
Asexual reproduction occurs in prokaryotes, some eukaryotes, and viruses
Methods of asexual reproduction include binary fission, fragmentation, and budding
Sexual reproduction produces offspring that are genetically unique and combine traits from two parents
Sexual reproduction occurs in most eukaryotes

Meiosis is the process of gamete formation, resulting in four non-identical daughter cells
Meiosis consists of meiosis I and meiosis II
Meiosis reduces chromosome number by half
Gamete formation involves the production of sperm and egg cells
Sperm cells are produced by meiosis in males, are motile, and are haploid
Egg cells are produced by meiosis in females, are non-motile, and are haploid
Fertilization is the fusion of sperm and egg cells, resulting in a zygote
A zygote is diploid and has a unique combination of genetic traits
Embryonic development involves the development of a zygote into a mature organism
Embryonic development involves multiple stages, including cleavage, gastrulation, and organogenesis

R-Selection emphasizes producing many offspring with little parental investment
R-Selection is typical in species with high mortality rates, such as fish and insects
K-Selection emphasizes producing few offspring with high parental investment
K-Selection is typical in species with low mortality rates, such as humans and elephants

The male reproductive system produces, stores, and delivers sperm
Components of the male reproductive system include testes, epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, and penis
The female reproductive system produces, stores, and delivers eggs
Components of the female reproductive system include ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina

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