30 Questions
Transport phenomena refer to the movement of ______, momentum, and energy in biological systems.
mass
Diffusion is a type of ______ transport that involves the random movement of molecules from high to low concentration.
passive
Osmosis is the movement of ______ molecules through a selectively permeable membrane.
water
Primary active transport uses energy from ______ hydrolysis to pump molecules.
ATP
The cell membrane is responsible for ______ of molecules across the cell membrane.
transport
Blood flow and circulation are responsible for the movement of ______, nutrients, and waste products throughout the body.
oxygen
Convection is the movement of molecules through ______ fluid flow.
bulk
Transport phenomena help maintain ______ by regulating various cellular processes.
homeostasis
Active transport is an ______ process that requires energy.
energy-requiring
The movement of polar or charged substances against their concentration gradient is known as ______ transport.
active
A major class of enzymes comprising those that catalyze the process of ______, such as the interconversion of aldoses and ketoses.
isomerization
Isomerases thus, catalyze reactions of the form: ______→B
A
Primary active transport uses energy from the ______ of ATP.
hydrolysis
Na+/K+ ATPase pump is an example of a ______ protein.
transporter
In biochemistry, a ______ (from the Latin verb ligāre — 'to bind' or 'to glue together') is an enzyme that can catalyse the joining of two large molecules by forming a new chemical bond.
ligase
Generally ______ catalyses the following reaction: Ab + C → A–C + b
ligase
The Na+/K+ pump helps maintain ______ pressure across the membrane.
osmotic
To explain the saturating effect of high substrate concentrations, Michaelis and Menten proposed that enzymes take part in reactions as ff: E+______ ES E + P
S
The Na+/K+ pump operates continually to maintain a low concentration of ______ and a high concentration of K+ in the cytosol.
Na+
In this two step reaction, the enzyme rapidly combines with ______ to form the complex, which can either dissociate again into unchanged ______ and enzyme or go on to the second step and form products and unchanged enzyme.
substrate; substrate
Three ______ ions are removed from the cell as two K+ ions are brought into the cell through the Na+/K+ pump.
Na+
Active transport exhibits ______ maximums and saturation.
transport
The reverse of the second step would lead to the synthesis of ES from enzyme and ______, but this process can generally be ignored unless the ______ are allowed to accumulate.
products; products
1,5 disulfide i.— an enzyme that catalyzes disulfide bond formation by ______ certain cystine residues of polypeptides;
cross-linking
In its broadest sense, ___________ refers to the sum of all the biochemical reactions that occur within a living organism.
metabolism
Catabolism is an energy-____________ process.
releasing
A considerable portion of the energy released is captured and stored in the form of a high-energy molecule known as ___________.
ATP
Anabolism refers to the process that build up or synthesize new, more complex molecules from simpler ___________.
molecules
The synthesis of bio-organic molecules require the expenditure of cellular energy furnished by the ___________ produced from the cell's catabolic activities.
ATP
Metabolism has two phases: ___________, an energy-generating process and anabolism, an energy-requiring process.
catabolism
Study Notes
Transport Phenomena in Biological Systems
Transport phenomena refer to the movement of mass, momentum, and energy in biological systems. These processes are crucial for maintaining life and are essential for understanding various biological processes.
Types of Transport
-
Passive Transport: Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration without the use of energy.
- Diffusion: Random movement of molecules from high to low concentration.
- Osmosis: Movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane.
- Facilitated Diffusion: Movement of molecules through a transport protein.
-
Active Transport: Movement of molecules from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration using energy.
- Primary Active Transport: Uses energy from ATP hydrolysis to pump molecules.
- Secondary Active Transport: Uses energy from electrochemical gradients to pump molecules.
Transport Mechanisms in Biological Systems
-
Cell Membrane Transport: Movement of molecules across the cell membrane.
- Simple Diffusion: Movement of small molecules through the lipid bilayer.
- Facilitated Diffusion: Movement of molecules through transport proteins.
- Active Transport: Movement of molecules using energy.
-
Blood Flow and Circulation: Movement of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products throughout the body.
- Blood Pressure: Force exerted by blood on blood vessel walls.
- Blood Flow: Movement of blood through blood vessels.
-
Mass Transport in Tissues: Movement of molecules within tissues.
- Diffusion: Movement of molecules through tissue spaces.
- Convection: Movement of molecules through bulk fluid flow.
Importance of Transport Phenomena in Biological Systems
- Maintaining Homeostasis: Transport phenomena help maintain a stable internal environment.
- Regulating Cellular Processes: Transport phenomena regulate various cellular processes, such as metabolism and signaling.
- Enabling Nutrient Uptake and Waste Removal: Transport phenomena facilitate the uptake of nutrients and removal of waste products.
Applications of Transport Phenomena in Biological Systems
- Biomedical Engineering: Understanding transport phenomena is crucial for developing medical devices and implants.
- Pharmacology: Transport phenomena affect the delivery and efficacy of drugs.
- Tissue Engineering: Understanding transport phenomena is essential for designing artificial tissues and organs.
Transport Phenomena in Biological Systems
Importance of Transport
- Transport phenomena are crucial for maintaining life and essential for understanding biological processes
Types of Transport
Passive Transport
- Movement of molecules from high to low concentration without energy
- Diffusion: random movement of molecules from high to low concentration
- Osmosis: movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane
- Facilitated Diffusion: movement of molecules through transport proteins
Active Transport
- Movement of molecules from low to high concentration using energy
- Primary Active Transport: uses energy from ATP hydrolysis to pump molecules
- Secondary Active Transport: uses energy from electrochemical gradients to pump molecules
Transport Mechanisms
Cell Membrane Transport
- Simple Diffusion: movement of small molecules through the lipid bilayer
- Facilitated Diffusion: movement of molecules through transport proteins
- Active Transport: movement of molecules using energy
Blood Flow and Circulation
- Blood Pressure: force exerted by blood on blood vessel walls
- Blood Flow: movement of blood through blood vessels, essential for delivering oxygen and nutrients to cells
Mass Transport in Tissues
- Diffusion: movement of molecules through tissue spaces
- Convection: movement of molecules through bulk fluid flow
Importance of Transport
Biological Processes
- Transport phenomena help maintain a stable internal environment (homeostasis)
- Regulate various cellular processes, such as metabolism and signaling
- Facilitate the uptake of nutrients and removal of waste products
Applications of Transport Phenomena
Biomedical Engineering
- Understanding transport phenomena is crucial for developing medical devices and implants
Pharmacology
- Transport phenomena affect the delivery and efficacy of drugs
Tissue Engineering
- Understanding transport phenomena is essential for designing artificial tissues and organs
Metabolism
- Metabolism refers to the sum of all biochemical reactions that occur within a living organism, balancing energy release and requirement.
- Metabolism has two phases: catabolism (energy-generating) and anabolism (energy-requiring).
- Catabolism breaks down complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy stored in ATP.
- Anabolism builds up complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy from ATP.
Isomerase
- Isomerase is an enzyme class that catalyzes isomerization reactions, such as interconverting aldoses and ketoses.
- Isomerases catalyze reactions of the form A → B.
- Examples include 1,5-disulfide isomerase, which forms disulfide bonds in polypeptides during post-translational modification.
Ligase
- Ligase is an enzyme that catalyzes the joining of two large molecules by forming a new chemical bond, often with hydrolysis of a small chemical group.
- Ligase catalyzes reactions of the form Ab + C → A–C + b.
Enzyme Kinetics
- Michaelis and Menten proposed a two-step reaction model to explain the saturating effect of high substrate concentrations:
- E + S → ES → E + P
- This model includes the enzyme-substrate complex (ES) and product formation.
- Reaction characteristics include more rapid rates than simple diffusion, saturation kinetics, substrate specificity, competition, and inhibition.
Active Transport
- Active transport moves polar or charged substances against their concentration gradient, requiring energy from ATP hydrolysis (primary active transport) or ionic concentration gradients (secondary active transport).
- Characteristics include transport maximums, saturation, and involvement of ions like Na+, K+, H+, Ca²⁺, I⁻, and Cl⁻, as well as amino acids and monosaccharides.
Primary Active Transport
- Primary active transport involves a "pump" protein, working against concentration gradients and requiring 40% of cellular ATP.
- The Na+/K+ ATPase pump is a common example, maintaining low Na+ and high K+ concentrations in the cytosol and operating continually.
- This pump helps maintain osmotic pressure across the membrane, preventing cells from shrinking or swelling due to osmosis and osmotic pressure.
Learn about transport phenomena in biological systems, including passive and active transport, and their importance in maintaining life.
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