Biology Transport Mechanisms Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of peripheral proteins?

Facilitating passive transport across the membrane

Cell-to-cell recognition (correct)

Maintaining the structural integrity of the membrane

Transporting molecules against a concentration gradient

Which transport mechanism requires energy to move substances across the membrane?

Osmosis

Facilitated diffusion

Active transport (correct)

Simple diffusion

In a hypotonic solution, what is the likely effect on a cell?

The cell will shrink

The cell will burst (correct)

The cell will become inactive

The cell will remain unchanged

What role do carbohydrate chains play in the cell membrane?

Enhancing cell recognition Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the sodium-potassium pump?

To pump sodium out and potassium into the cell Signup and view all the answers

Which scientist is credited with coining the term 'cell'?

Robert Hooke Signup and view all the answers

What is one function of epithelial tissue?

Covers body surfaces Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of the cell cycle is responsible for DNA replication?

S phase Signup and view all the answers

What does the aphorism 'omnis cellula e cellula' imply?

Every new cell originates from an existing cell Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue includes neurons and glial cells?

Nervous tissue Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the G1 phase of the cell cycle?

Cell growth and maturation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of connective tissue?

Muscle fibers Signup and view all the answers

What did Matthias Schleiden conclude about plants in his studies?

Every plant is made up of cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the chromosomal makeup in individuals with Trisomy X?

47 chromosomes with three X chromosomes Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids during meiosis?

Crossing over Signup and view all the answers

What is the haploid number of chromosomes produced in gametes after meiosis?

23 chromosomes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a type of chromosomal alteration characterized by a missing segment of a chromosome?

Deletion Signup and view all the answers

What type of stem cells can be molded to become various types of cells, such as blood or muscle cells?

Embryonic stem cells Signup and view all the answers

What is tissue culture primarily used for in biotechnology?

Transferring fragments of tissue to an artificial environment Signup and view all the answers

Which structure primarily makes up the plasma membrane?

Phospholipids Signup and view all the answers

What process involves the intake of specific molecules that attach to special proteins in the cell membrane?

Receptor-assisted endocytosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the G2 checkpoint during the cell cycle?

To verify accurate DNA replication without damage Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?

Existence of a nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What is one main function of the p53 tumor suppressor gene?

To repair damaged DNA before mitosis Signup and view all the answers

How do unicellular organisms differ from multicellular organisms?

Unicellular organisms consist of a single cell Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of chlorophyll in plant cells?

To capture light for photosynthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the structure of plant and animal cells?

Plant cells have a cell wall, animal cells do not Signup and view all the answers

What is assessed during the metaphase checkpoint of the cell cycle?

The attachment of chromosomes to spindle microtubules Signup and view all the answers

What happens if DNA damage is detected during cell division?

Cell division is delayed until repairs are made Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the destruction of a cell if the damage is beyond repair?

p53 Signup and view all the answers

Which process produces two genetically identical daughter cells?

M phase Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cyclins in cell division?

Form Cdk complexes with kinases Signup and view all the answers

Which of these disorders is characterized by uncontrolled cell division?

Cancer Signup and view all the answers

How many chromosomes does a daughter cell have after mitosis if the parent cell has 46 chromosomes?

46 chromosomes Signup and view all the answers

Which stage in cell division involves the division of the cytoplasm?

Cytokinesis Signup and view all the answers

Which syndrome is represented by an extra chromosome 21?

Down syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of cyclins-dependent kinases (Cdks)?

Activate or deactivate target proteins Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Structure and Proteins

Cholesterol stabilizes the membrane's fluidity in response to temperature variations.
Integral proteins facilitate transport of substances across the cell membrane.
Peripheral proteins assist in cell-to-cell recognition and signaling.
Carbohydrate chains are crucial for cell identification and communication.

Transport Mechanisms

Passive transport moves molecules without energy input.
Simple diffusion involves the movement of molecules from high to low concentration.
Facilitated diffusion uses carrier or channel proteins for substance transport.
Osmosis refers to water diffusion, classified into isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic states.
- Isotonic: equal water concentrations inside and outside the cell.
- Hypotonic: higher external water concentration, may cause cell lysis.
- Hypertonic: higher internal water concentration, may lead to cell shrinkage (plasmolysis).
Active transport requires energy to move molecules against their concentration gradient.
- Sodium-potassium pump is an example of a protein pump.
Bulk transport includes exocytosis (material exiting) and endocytosis (material entering).

Types of Endocytosis

Pinocytosis: uptake of small droplets of extracellular fluid.
Phagocytosis: ingestion of large particles by specialized cells.
Receptor-assisted endocytosis: intake of specific substances that bind to membrane proteins.

Cell Division and Meiosis

Meiosis produces 4 genetically diverse daughter cells, each with 23 chromosomes (haploid).
Crossing over occurs between non-sister chromatids, enhancing genetic diversity.
Synapsis involves the pairing of homologous chromosomes.

Applications of Mitosis

Stem cells can differentiate into various cell types, such as blood or muscle cells.
Cloning in agriculture uses mitosis to reproduce organisms.
Tissue culture allows survival and function of plant or animal fragments in artificial environments.

Cell Theory

Cells are the fundamental unit of all living organisms.
All living beings consist of cells, forming from pre-existing cells.
Hereditary information transfers from cell to cell during division.

Cell Types

Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and organelles; eukaryotic cells have both.
Prokaryotic: DNA is free-floating; eukaryotic: DNA is contained within a nucleus.

Cell Cycle

Comprised of interphase (G1, S, G2) and mitosis (PMAT followed by cytokinesis).
Checkpoints in the cycle monitor for size, DNA integrity, and chromosomal alignment before division.
- G1 checkpoint checks cell size and nutrient availability.
- G2 checkpoint ensures accurate DNA replication.
- Metaphase checkpoint confirms attachment of chromosomes to spindle fibers.

Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes

p53 is a critical tumor suppressor gene that prevents the propagation of damaged DNA.
If DNA damage is irreparable, p53 can initiate programmed cell death (apoptosis) to prevent cancer.

Cancer results from uncontrolled cell proliferation.
Down syndrome (trisomy 21) involves an extra chromosome 21.
Turner syndrome features 45 chromosomes, usually in females.
Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by neuron death and memory loss.
Klinefelter syndrome (XXY) affects males, leading to physical and hormonal changes.
XYY syndrome results in behavioral changes without distinct physical characteristics.

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Description

Test your understanding of biological transport mechanisms, including integral and peripheral proteins, and the role of carbohydrate chains in cell recognition. Explore concepts like passive transport and simple diffusion as you identify how cells manage substance movement. Perfect for biology students looking to strengthen their knowledge in cellular processes.