Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is necessary for glycolysis to continue in the absence of oxygen?
What is necessary for glycolysis to continue in the absence of oxygen?
Which type of fermentation occurs in yeast?
Which type of fermentation occurs in yeast?
What happens to pyruvate during alcoholic fermentation?
What happens to pyruvate during alcoholic fermentation?
What adaptation do rice plants have to survive in anaerobic conditions?
What adaptation do rice plants have to survive in anaerobic conditions?
Signup and view all the answers
Why is the ethanol produced during fermentation toxic to yeast cells?
Why is the ethanol produced during fermentation toxic to yeast cells?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of alcohol dehydrogenase in rice?
What is the primary function of alcohol dehydrogenase in rice?
Signup and view all the answers
Which feature of aerenchyma tissue in rice is crucial for its survival in waterlogged conditions?
Which feature of aerenchyma tissue in rice is crucial for its survival in waterlogged conditions?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens to pyruvate during lactate fermentation in muscle tissue?
What happens to pyruvate during lactate fermentation in muscle tissue?
Signup and view all the answers
How much energy is yielded from one glucose molecule during anaerobic respiration?
How much energy is yielded from one glucose molecule during anaerobic respiration?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main reason lipids can provide more energy than carbohydrates?
What is the main reason lipids can provide more energy than carbohydrates?
Signup and view all the answers
In what condition do muscle cells primarily undergo lactate fermentation?
In what condition do muscle cells primarily undergo lactate fermentation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which respiratory substrate yields approximately 17.0 kJ g-1 when metabolized?
Which respiratory substrate yields approximately 17.0 kJ g-1 when metabolized?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the Cori cycle involve?
What does the Cori cycle involve?
Signup and view all the answers
How does anaerobic respiration efficiency compare to aerobic respiration?
How does anaerobic respiration efficiency compare to aerobic respiration?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a primary method of ATP production in aerobic respiration?
Which of the following is NOT a primary method of ATP production in aerobic respiration?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Anaerobic Respiration and Fermentation
- Oxygen is crucial for converting hydrogen to water, facilitating ATP production in glycolysis and Krebs cycle.
- In the absence of oxygen, only glycolysis can provide ATP, but its continuation requires regeneration of NAD+ from reduced NAD.
- Pyruvate accepts hydrogen from reduced NAD through fermentation, regenerating NAD+.
Types of Fermentation
-
Alcoholic Fermentation:
- Occurs in specific bacteria, fungi (e.g., yeast), and some plant cells under anaerobic conditions.
- Involves decarboxylation of pyruvate, producing ethanol and carbon dioxide.
- Used in brewing and baking industries; yeast ferments carbohydrates into ethanol, which becomes toxic above 15% concentration.
-
Lactate Fermentation:
- Happens in animals during oxygen shortages, allows survival during strenuous activities (e.g., fleeing predators).
- Pyruvate forms lactate by accepting hydrogen from glycolysis.
- Lactate accumulation can cause muscle fatigue; it is transported to the liver where it is converted back to glucose in the Cori cycle.
Energy Yield from Respiration
- Aerobic respiration produces 31 ATP per glucose, totaling 945.5 kJ/mol, indicating a 33% efficiency.
- Anaerobic respiration yields only 2 ATP, amounting to 61 kJ/mol, showing about 2% efficiency.
- Complete glucose breakdown theoretically yields 2870 kJ/mol.
Alternate Respiratory Substrates
- Various substrates can be metabolized without converting to glucose:
- Lipids yield over twice the energy of carbohydrates (39.4 kJ/g vs. 15.8 kJ/g).
- Proteins are a last resort during starvation, yielding around 17.0 kJ/g.
Adaptations in Rice to Anaerobic Conditions
- Rice plants adapt to flooded conditions by developing aerenchyma tissue with air spaces, promoting oxygen diffusion.
- Embryonic cells tolerate high ethanol concentrations from anaerobic respiration.
- Alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme production helps break down ethanol.
Respiratory Quotient (RQ)
- RQ is the ratio of carbon dioxide produced to oxygen consumed, indicating substrate type.
- Example: Glucose oxidation gives an RQ of 1.0; lipids yield lower RQs (<1.0).
- RQ values vary; most animals have an RQ between 0.8-0.9 during rest, suggesting a mix of carbohydrates and lipids being respired.
- Anaerobic respiration results in an infinite RQ due to the absence of oxygen intake.
Considerations with RQ Measurements
- RQ can misrepresent substrate use due to:
- Partial oxidation of substrates or mixed substrate respiration.
- Organisms rarely respiring a single food source leading to varied RQ due to mixed substrates.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Explore the impact of oxygen availability on ATP production in cellular respiration. This quiz covers the anaerobic process of glycolysis and the effects of oxygen deprivation on energy production in tissues and organisms. Challenge your understanding of metabolic pathways and their implications on cellular function.