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Study Notes
Tissues
- Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in structure and/or function, working together to perform a specific task.
- Single-celled organisms (like Amoeba) have a single cell carrying out all functions, including movement, intake of food, and excretion.
- Multicellular organisms, however, have millions of cells with different specialized functions.
- Grouping of cells to perform a function efficiently forms a tissue.
Types of Tissues
-
Plant Tissues:
- Plant tissue organization is often targeted toward a stationary habit.
- Organization is simple.
- Many tissues are dead (e.g., cork).
- Growth is confined to certain areas.
- Less maintenance energy
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Animal Tissues:
- Animal tissue organization is targeted toward mobility.
- Organization is complex.
- Most tissues are living.
- Growth is not limited to specific areas.
- More maintenance energy
Plant Tissues: Meristematic Tissues
- Consist of actively dividing cells.
- Apical Meristem: Located at the growing tips of stems and roots, responsible for increasing their length.
- Intercalary Meristem: Located at the base of leaves or internodes, responsible for the longitudinal growth of plants.
- Lateral Meristem: Located on the lateral sides of stems and roots, responsible for increasing the thickness of stems and roots.
Plant Tissues: Permanent Tissues
-
Formed from meristematic tissue.
- Cells lose the ability to divide.
- Divided into simple (one type of cell) and complex (two or more types).
-Simple Permanent Tissues: - Parenchyma: Consists of only one type of cells generally thin walled and living. - Collenchyma: Composed of living cells with unevenly thickened primary cell walls. - Sclerenchyma: Have thick secondary cell walls, usually dead, for support, containing lignin.
-
Complex Permanent Tissues:
- Xylem: Conducts water and minerals from roots to different parts of a plant.
- Phloem: Conducts food material from leaves to different parts of a plant.
- Includes tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma, xylem fibers, sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, and phloem fibers.
Plant Tissues: Protective Tissues
-
Epidermis: Outermost protective layer of plant organs, usually made up of a single layer of cells, preventing water loss and providing protection.
- Cells are elongated and flattened without intercellular spaces.
- Functions include protection from injury and infection, reduces water loss, and allows gaseous exchange (via stomata).
-
Cork (Phellem): Dead cells with intercellular spaces that appear at the periphery of stems and roots, increasing in girth.
- Contains suberin, making them impervious to gases and water to prevent water loss.
- Important function include protection, preventing infection, and preventing dessication.
Animal Tissues:
-
Types of Animal Tissues:
-
Muscular Tissue: Allows movement through contraction and relaxation. Contains special contractile proteins.
-
Types of Muscular Tissue: Smooth, cardiac, and skeletal.
- Smooth Muscles: Spindle shaped, single nucleus, and involuntary movement (stomach).
- Cardiac Muscles: Branched fibers, multiple nucleus, and involuntary contractions (heart).
- Skeletal Muscles: Long, unbranched fibers, multiple nuclei, and voluntary movements (hands, legs).
-
Types of Muscular Tissue: Smooth, cardiac, and skeletal.
- Nervous Tissue: Makes the nervous system comprised of specialized cells called neurons. Neurons communicate information from body parts to brain and transmit orders from brain to different body parts.
-
Connective Tissue: Contains cells in a matrix (solid, liquid, or jelly).
-
Types of Connective Tissue: Bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, and adipose tissue (areolar).
- Bone: Hard matrix embedded with calcium and phosphate compounds, providing structure and support, facilitate muscle movement.
- Cartilage: Soft tissue that smooths bone joints, with cells in a solid matrix of proteins and sugars but lacks blood vessels.
- Tendons: Made up of white fibers, connecting bones to muscles.
- Ligaments: Made up of white and yellow fibers, connecting bones to bones.
- Adipose Tissue: Stores fat below the skin and between internal organs, providing cushioning and insulation, protects from cold.
- Blood: Fluid composed of blood cells, platelets, and plasma, transporting various materials in the body.
-
Types of Connective Tissue: Bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, and adipose tissue (areolar).
-
Muscular Tissue: Allows movement through contraction and relaxation. Contains special contractile proteins.
-
Epithelial Tissues: Covers and protects body surfaces and lines cavities. Cells are tightly packed together with no intercellular space and are separated from other tissues by a basement membrane. It forms a selectively permeable layer and may secrete and act as glands.
- Types of Epithelial Tissues: Squamous, cuboidal, columnar, and glandular.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of tissues in biology. This quiz covers the types of plant and animal tissues and their specific functions, highlighting the differences in organization and energy requirements. Test your knowledge on meristematic tissues and their roles in plant growth.