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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a basic type of tissue?
Which of the following is NOT a basic type of tissue?
- Muscle tissue
- Neural tissue (correct)
- Connective tissue
- Epithelial tissue
What is a distinguishing feature of connective tissue?
What is a distinguishing feature of connective tissue?
- Responsible for movement
- Cells in close apposition
- Receives and transmits information
- Underlies or surrounds other tissues (correct)
Which type of epithelium is characterized by having cells that appear layered but all touch the basement membrane?
Which type of epithelium is characterized by having cells that appear layered but all touch the basement membrane?
- Pseudostratified (correct)
- Stratified
- Simple cuboidal
- Transitional
Which of the following functions is NOT attributed to epithelial tissue?
Which of the following functions is NOT attributed to epithelial tissue?
What type of epithelial classification is based on the shape of cells next to the free surface?
What type of epithelial classification is based on the shape of cells next to the free surface?
Which type of epithelium would you expect to find lining the cavities of organs such as the gastrointestinal tract?
Which type of epithelium would you expect to find lining the cavities of organs such as the gastrointestinal tract?
Which of the following statements is true regarding epithelial tissue?
Which of the following statements is true regarding epithelial tissue?
What are the surface specializations of epithelial tissue generally involved in?
What are the surface specializations of epithelial tissue generally involved in?
What is the primary function of transitional epithelium?
What is the primary function of transitional epithelium?
What is the composition of the basal lamina?
What is the composition of the basal lamina?
Which type of cellular junction is primarily responsible for creating a barrier to diffusion.
Which type of cellular junction is primarily responsible for creating a barrier to diffusion.
What distinguishes microvilli from cilia?
What distinguishes microvilli from cilia?
What is the role of hemidesmosomes?
What is the role of hemidesmosomes?
Which gland type secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream?
Which gland type secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream?
How does the structure of zonula adherens differ from zonula occludens?
How does the structure of zonula adherens differ from zonula occludens?
What is the characteristic feature of stereocilia?
What is the characteristic feature of stereocilia?
What is the primary function of the basal lamina during tissue development?
What is the primary function of the basal lamina during tissue development?
Which of the following cell types produce viscous secretions?
Which of the following cell types produce viscous secretions?
In which type of gland are goblet cells classified?
In which type of gland are goblet cells classified?
What typical structure allows the secretion in a multicellular gland?
What typical structure allows the secretion in a multicellular gland?
What is a defining characteristic of cilia?
What is a defining characteristic of cilia?
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Study Notes
Tissues Overview
- Tissues are aggregates of cells performing similar functions.
- Hierarchical organization: Molecules -> Organelles -> Cells -> Tissues -> Organs -> Systems.
Basic Tissue Types
- Four primary tissue types:
- Epithelial tissue
- Connective tissue
- Muscle tissue
- Nervous tissue
Epithelial Tissue
- Covers body surfaces and lines cavities and tubes.
- Forms glands responsible for secretion.
Connective Tissue
- Supports and surrounds other tissues.
- Includes various types: connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone.
Muscle Tissue
- Composed of contractile cells.
- Responsible for body and part movement.
Nervous Tissue
- Receives, processes, and transmits information.
- Controls activities throughout the body.
Characteristics of Epithelium
- Cells closely apposed with a free surface.
- Anchored to a basement membrane adjacent to underlying connective tissue.
Functions of Epithelium
- Acts as a barrier (e.g., skin epidermis).
- Involved in secretion and absorption processes (e.g., intestinal lining).
Classification of Epithelium
- Based on cell arrangement: Simple and Stratified.
- Based on cell shape: Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar.
Special Types of Epithelium
- Pseudostratified: Appears layered but all cells contact the basement membrane.
- Transitional: Allows for stretching, found in the urinary bladder and ureters.
Basement Membrane
- A noncellular layer rich in protein-proteoglycans.
- Separates epithelial cells from surrounding connective tissue.
Functions of Basal Lamina
- Attaches epithelium to connective tissue.
- Filters substances and maintains epithelial polarity.
Junctional Complex
- Composed of tight junctions (zonula occludens), adherens junctions (zonula adherens), and desmosomes (macula adherens).
- Supports intercellular adhesion and diffusion barriers.
Cell Surface Modifications
- Microvilli: Increase absorptive surface area, found in intestinal epithelium.
- Stereocilia: Long, irregular projections found in the epididymis and sensory cells of the ear.
- Cilia: Short structures facilitating movement across the epithelium.
Ciliary Movement
- Relies on the sliding of microtubules mediated by dynein arms and ATP.
- Essential for moving mucus and debris across epithelial surfaces.
Keratinogenger’s Syndrome
- Characterized by absence of dynein arms resulting in respiratory difficulties and male sterility.
Gland Classification
- Exocrine: Secrete substances onto surfaces via ducts.
- Endocrine: Ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.
Exocrine Glands
- Unicellular (e.g., goblet cells) or multicellular with various arrangements of glandular cells and ducts.
- Types of multicellular structures include simple (unbranched) and compound (branched) ducts.
Glandular Secretory Cells
- Mucous Cells: Produce viscous secretions; appear empty in routine staining.
- Serous Cells: Produce watery secretions; stained intensely with eosin.
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