Biology Tissue Types
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Questions and Answers

Cartilage is solid and pliable and resists compression. The cells of this tissue are called ________.

chondrocytes

Which type of muscle tissue is closely attached to skeletal bones?

  • Connective muscle
  • Smooth muscle
  • Skeletal muscle (correct)
  • Cardiac muscle
  • What is the main circulating fluid tissue that helps in the transport of various substances?

    blood

    Smooth muscle tissue is 'involuntary' as its functioning can be directly controlled.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many basic types of tissues do complex animals consist of?

    <p>Four</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Simple epithelium is composed of two or more layers of cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three types of cell junctions found in epithelium and other tissues?

    <p>Tight, adhering, gap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Connective tissues are named so because of their special function of linking and supporting other tissues/organs of the __________.

    <p>body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the calciferous glands in the stomach of an earthworm neutralize?

    <p>humic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of an earthworm's body is responsible for increasing the effective area of absorption in the intestine?

    <p>Typhlosole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Earthworms have specialized breathing devices.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nephridia regulate the volume and composition of the body ____.

    <p>fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of the earthworm's reproductive system with their descriptions:

    <p>Testes = Male reproductive organs where sperm are produced Ovaries = Female reproductive organs where eggs are produced Spermathecae = Organs that receive and store spermatozoa during copulation Cocoon = Structure produced by gland cells of the clitellum that holds worm embryos</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common name of the most common species of frog found in India?

    <p>Rana tigrina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the color of the dorsal side of a frog's body?

    <p>Olive green</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Frogs do not have a neck and tail.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The skin of a frog is smooth and slippery due to the presence of ________.

    <p>mucus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Give the common name of Periplanata americana.

    <p>American cockroach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many spermathecae are found in earthworm?

    <p>Four</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the position of ovaries in cockroach?

    <p>2nd-6th segments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many segments are present in the abdomen of cockroach?

    <p>Ten</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do you find Malpighian tubules?

    <p>Junction of midgut and hindgut</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the cockroach's body is formed by the fusion of six segments and shows great mobility in all directions?

    <p>Head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The forewings of a cockroach are membranous and transparent.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the gizzard in a cockroach's digestive system?

    <p>grinding food particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hindgut of a cockroach is broader than the midgut and is divided into ____, colon, and rectum.

    <p>ileum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parts of the cockroach with their functions:

    <p>Compound eyes = Receive several images of an object Malpighian tubules = Excretion of nitrogenous waste Male gonopore = Opening for transfer of sperm Supra-oesophageal ganglion = Brain with nerve supply to antennae and eyes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Animal Tissues

    • In animals, a group of similar cells along with intercellular substances perform a specific function, which is called tissue.
    • There are four basic types of tissues: Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, and Neural.

    Epithelial Tissue

    • Epithelial tissue is also known as epithelium (pl.: epithelia).
    • It has a free surface, which faces either a body fluid or the outside environment.
    • Cells are compactly packed with little intercellular matrix.
    • There are two types of epithelial tissues: simple epithelium and compound epithelium.
    • Simple epithelium is composed of a single layer of cells and functions as a lining for body cavities, ducts, and tubes.
    • Simple epithelium is further divided into three types based on structural modification of cells: Squamous, Cuboidal, and Columnar.

    Glandular Epithelium

    • Some columnar or cuboidal cells get specialized for secretion and are called glandular epithelium.
    • There are two types of glandular epithelium: unicellular (isolated glandular cells) and multicellular (cluster of cells).
    • Glands are divided into two categories: exocrine and endocrine glands.
    • Exocrine glands secrete products like mucus, saliva, earwax, oil, milk, and digestive enzymes.
    • Endocrine glands do not have ducts, and their products (hormones) are secreted directly into the fluid bathing the gland.

    Connective Tissue

    • Connective tissues are the most abundant and widely distributed in the body of complex animals.
    • They are named connective tissues because of their special function of linking and supporting other tissues/organs of the body.
    • Connective tissues are classified into three types: Loose connective tissue, Dense connective tissue, and Specialised connective tissue.

    Loose Connective Tissue

    • Loose connective tissue has cells and fibers loosely arranged in a semi-fluid ground substance.
    • Examples include areolar tissue present beneath the skin and adipose tissue, which is specialized for fat storage.

    Dense Connective Tissue

    • Dense connective tissue has fibers and fibroblasts compactly packed.
    • There are two types of dense connective tissue: Dense regular and Dense irregular.
    • Examples include tendons, ligaments, and the skin.

    Specialised Connective Tissue

    • Specialised connective tissues include cartilage, bone, and blood.
    • Cartilage is a solid and pliable ground substance that resists compression.
    • Bones are hard and non-pliable, rich in calcium salts and collagen fibers, providing structural frame to the body.
    • Blood is a fluid connective tissue containing plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

    Muscle Tissue

    • Muscle tissue is made up of many long, cylindrical fibers arranged in parallel arrays.
    • There are three types of muscles: Skeletal, Smooth, and Cardiac.

    Skeletal Muscle Tissue

    • Skeletal muscle tissue is closely attached to skeletal bones.
    • Muscle fibers are bundled together in a parallel fashion.
    • Examples include the biceps.

    Smooth Muscle Tissue

    • Smooth muscle fibers are tapering at both ends and do not show striations.
    • Cell junctions hold them together, and they are bundled together in a connective tissue sheath.
    • Examples include the walls of internal organs such as blood vessels, stomach, and intestine.

    Cardiac Muscle Tissue

    • Cardiac muscle tissue is a contractile tissue present only in the heart.
    • Cell junctions fuse the plasma membranes of cardiac muscle cells, making them stick together.

    Neural Tissue

    • Neural tissue exerts the greatest control over the body's responsiveness to changing conditions.
    • Neurons are excitable cells, and neuroglial cells protect and support neurons.
    • Neuroglia make up more than one-half the volume of neural tissue in our body.
    • When a neuron is suitably stimulated, an electrical disturbance is generated, which swiftly travels along its plasma membrane.

    Organ and Organ System

    • The basic tissues organize to form organs, which in turn associate to form organ systems in multicellular organisms.
    • Each organ in our body is made up of one or more types of tissues.
    • An example is the heart, which consists of all four types of tissues.
    • The complexity in organ and organ systems displays an evolutionary trend.### Earthworms
    • Earthworms are reddish-brown, terrestrial invertebrates that inhabit the upper layer of moist soil.
    • They live in burrows during the day and come out at night to feed on decaying organic matter.
    • They can be traced by their faecal deposits, known as worm castings.
    • Common Indian earthworms are Pheretima and Lumbricus.

    Morphology

    • Earthworms have a long, cylindrical body divided into over 100 short segments.
    • The dorsal surface has a dark median mid-dorsal line, while the ventral surface has genital openings.
    • The anterior end has a mouth and a sensory prostomium, which serves as a wedge to open cracks in the soil.
    • The body can be divided into three regions: preclitellar, clitellar, and postclitellar segments.
    • Clitellar segments have a prominent dark band of glandular tissue.

    Anatomy

    • The body wall is covered by a thin, non-cellular cuticle, epidermis, two muscle layers, and an innermost coelomic epithelium.
    • The alimentary canal is a straight tube running from the first to the last segment of the body.
    • The digestive system includes a mouth, buccal cavity, pharynx, oesophagus, gizzard, stomach, and intestine.
    • The excretory system consists of nephridia, which are segmentally arranged coiled tubules that regulate the volume and composition of body fluids.
    • The nervous system is represented by ganglia arranged segment-wise on the ventral paired nerve cord.
    • The sensory system includes light and touch-sensitive organs, as well as chemoreceptors.

    Reproductive System

    • Earthworms are hermaphrodites, with both testes and ovaries present in the same individual.
    • Two pairs of testes are present in the 10th and 11th segments, and two pairs of ovaries are present in the 12th and 13th segments.
    • Mutual exchange of sperm occurs between two worms during mating.

    Importance of Earthworms

    • Earthworms make soil porous, allowing for better respiration and penetration of developing plant roots.
    • They are used as bait in game fishing.

    Cockroaches

    • Cockroaches are brown or black-bodied animals that belong to the class Insecta and phylum Arthropoda.
    • They have a long antenna, legs, and a flat extension of the upper body wall that conceals the head.
    • They are nocturnal omnivores that live in damp places and are serious pests and vectors of several diseases.

    Morphology

    • The body of the cockroach is segmented and divided into three distinct regions: head, thorax, and abdomen.
    • The head is triangular in shape and lies anteriorly at right angles to the longitudinal body axis.
    • The head bears a pair of compound eyes, antennae, and mouthparts.

    Anatomy

    • The alimentary canal is divided into three regions: foregut, midgut, and hindgut.
    • The digestive system includes a mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, and salivary glands.
    • The excretory system consists of malpighian tubules, which are present at the junction of the midgut and hindgut.### Alimentary Canal of Cockroach
    • The crop, also known as a sac-like structure, is used for storing food.
    • The crop is followed by the gizzard or proventriculus.
    • The gizzard has an outer layer of thick circular muscles and a thick inner cuticle forming six highly chitinous plates called teeth.
    • The gizzard helps to grind food particles.

    Blood Vascular System of Cockroach

    • The blood vascular system is an open type.
    • Blood vessels are poorly developed and open into a space called the haemocoel.
    • Visceral organs located in the haemocoel are bathed in blood (haemolymph).
    • The haemolymph is composed of colourless plasma and haemocytes.

    Heart of Cockroach

    • The heart is an elongated muscular tube lying along the mid-dorsal line of the thorax and abdomen.
    • The heart is differentiated into funnel-shaped chambers with ostia on either side.
    • Blood from sinuses enters the heart through ostia and is pumped anteriorly to sinuses again.

    Respiratory System of Cockroach

    • The respiratory system consists of a network of trachea that open through 10 pairs of small holes called spiracles present on the lateral side of the body.
    • Thin branching tubes (tracheal tubes subdivided into tracheoles) carry oxygen from the air to all parts of the body.
    • Exchange of gases takes place at the tracheoles by diffusion.

    Excretion in Cockroach

    • Excretion is performed by Malpighian tubules.
    • Each tubule is lined by glandular and ciliated cells.
    • The tubules absorb nitrogenous waste products and convert them into uric acid, which is excreted out through the hindgut.

    Nervous System of Cockroach

    • The nervous system consists of a series of fused, segmentally arranged ganglia joined by paired longitudinal connectives on the ventral side.
    • Three ganglia lie in the thorax, and six in the abdomen.
    • The nervous system is spread throughout the body.

    Reproductive System of Cockroach

    • Cockroaches are dioecious, meaning they have separate sexes.
    • The male reproductive system consists of a pair of testes, a pair of vasa deferentia, a pair of seminal vesicles, and a pair of ejaculatory ducts.
    • The female reproductive system consists of two large ovaries, a pair of oviducts, and a pair of spermatheca.

    Frogs

    • Frogs are amphibians that belong to the class Amphibia and phylum Chordata.
    • They are cold-blooded, meaning their body temperature varies with the temperature of the environment.
    • Frogs have the ability to change colour to hide from their enemies (camouflage).

    Morphology of Frogs

    • The body of a frog is divisible into the head and trunk.
    • A neck and tail are absent.
    • The skin is smooth and slippery due to the presence of mucus.
    • The colour of the dorsal side of the body is generally olive green with dark irregular spots.

    Anatomy of Frogs

    • The body cavity of frogs accommodates different organ systems, such as the digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous, excretory, and reproductive systems.
    • The digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and digestive glands.
    • The circulatory system is a well-developed closed type.
    • The respiratory system involves cutaneous respiration in water and pulmonary respiration on land.
    • The nervous system involves the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.
    • The excretory system consists of a pair of kidneys, ureters, cloaca, and urinary bladder.

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    Quiz on biology tissue types, including cartilage, muscle tissue, and epithelium. Test your knowledge on the different types of tissues and their characteristics.

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