The Respiratory System
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the epiglottis during swallowing?

  • To support the thyroid cartilage
  • To close the glottis and push food into the esophagus (correct)
  • To facilitate the flow of air to the lungs
  • To assist in producing vocal sounds

What is the purpose of the c-shaped cartilage rings in the trachea?

  • To enable the trachea to collapse during breathing
  • To facilitate sound production
  • To absorb excess air pressure
  • To keep the trachea open for gas passage (correct)

Which cells are responsible for prevention of diffusion in the bronchial tree?

  • Simple squamous cells
  • Transitional cells
  • Cuboidal cells (correct)
  • Ciliated columnar cells (correct)

What characterizes the structure of the bronchioles compared to the primary bronchi?

<p>Their diameter decreases and they lack cartilage rings (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the larynx and its functions?

<p>It includes the epiglottis and regulates airflow during respiration. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature allows the alveoli to maximize gas exchange?

<p>Their large surface area (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are the secondary bronchi differentiated from primary bronchi?

<p>Primary bronchi arise from the trachea, while secondary bronchi branch from primary bronchi. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the respiratory system changes from columnar to squamous epithelium?

<p>Alveolar duct (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What connective tissue structure lies between the thyroid and cricoid cartilages?

<p>Cricothyroid membrane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of elastic tissues in the larynx?

<p>To facilitate vocal sound production (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is primarily responsible for gas exchange in the respiratory system?

<p>Alveoli (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of epithelium is primarily found lining the trachea?

<p>Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the function of the diaphragm?

<p>It helps control thoracic volume during respiration. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct sequence of air passage through the bronchial tree?

<p>Trachea → Secondary bronchi → Bronchioles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structures are housed within each lobe of the lungs?

<p>Capillary networks and parts of the bronchial tree (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the hairs located in the external nares?

<p>To filter and trap dust particles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature distinguishes the histology of the bronchioles from that of the trachea?

<p>Cuboidal epithelium lining (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the larynx located in the respiratory system?

<p>Below the nasal pharynx and laryngopharynx (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly identifies the lobes of the lungs?

<p>Left lung has two lobes, while right lung has three (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of epithelium is found in the alveolar ducts and alveoli?

<p>Simple squamous epithelium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of surfactant secreted by the lungs?

<p>To prevent the lungs from collapsing by reducing surface tension. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are the lobes of the right lung organized compared to the left lung?

<p>The right lung has 3 lobes and the left lung has 2 lobes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of terminal bronchioles in the bronchial tree?

<p>They branch from a bronchiole and lead to respiratory bronchioles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the pleural cavity in lung function?

<p>It minimizes friction and allows the pleura to adhere to one another. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the bronchial tree's segmental bronchi?

<p>Each segmental bronchus supplies a bronchopulmonary segment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by the permanent enlargement and destruction of alveoli, resulting in reduced elasticity?

<p>Emphysema (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the structure and function of ciliated epithelium in the respiratory system?

<p>It traps and transports particles out of the airways. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the condition where there is partial or complete collapse of a lung or a portion of it?

<p>Atelectasis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic distinguishes chronic bronchitis from other pulmonary diseases?

<p>It involves excessive mucus production and inflammation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the diaphragm play in the process of breathing?

<p>It contracts and relaxes to facilitate inhalation and exhalation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Epiglottis

A cartilage flap that prevents food from entering the trachea.

Glottis

The opening in the larynx (voice box) that allows air to pass through during breathing.

Thyroid cartilage

The cartilage that surrounds the glottis, to which the thyroid gland is attached.

Cricoid cartilage

The cartilage that connects to the thyroid cartilage, creating structural support.

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Cricothyroid membrane

A thin layer of connective tissue between the cricoid and thyroid cartilages.

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Trachea

The windpipe; a tube that carries air to the lungs.

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Bronchial tree

A branching system of tubes that delivers air to the lungs.

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Alveoli

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

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Primary bronchi

The two main branches of the trachea.

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Bronchioles

The smallest branches of the bronchial tree, lacking cartilage support.

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Right Lung Lobes

The right lung is divided into three sections: superior, middle, and inferior lobes.

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Left Lung Lobes

The left lung is divided into two sections: superior and inferior lobes.

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Bronchopulmonary Segments

Smaller portions of the lungs supplied by tertiary bronchi. There are 10 in the right lung and 8 in the left.

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Lobules

Basic units of the lung.

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Alveoli

Microscopic air sacs where gas exchange occurs.

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Pleural Cavity

The space between the parietal and visceral pleura, filled with fluid.

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Surfactant

A chemical substance that helps reduce friction and maintain surface tension in the lungs.

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COPD

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, including emphysema and chronic bronchitis.

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Emphysema

A COPD type with permanent alveolar damage, losing elasticity.

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Lung Cancer Cause

Smoking is the main cause of lung cancer.

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Respiratory System Function

Allows gas exchange, bringing oxygen into the body and removing carbon dioxide.

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Respiratory Tract Pathway

Air travels from the nose, through the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles to the alveoli in the lungs.

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Bronchial Tree

The branching network of tubes in the lungs that carry air.

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Alveoli

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

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Ciliated Epithelium

A type of tissue lining the respiratory tract that has tiny hairs that move mucus.

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Nasal Cavity

Part of the nose that warms and filters incoming air.

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Lungs Structure

Contain bronchioles, alveolar sacs, and alveoli. Right lung has 3 lobes, and the left has 2.

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Diaphragm

Muscle responsible for breathing, controlling thoracic volume.

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Gas exchange

Oxygen is taken in, and carbon dioxide is released by the respiratory system in the lungs.

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Larynx

Voice box that contains cartilages to protect the air way while making sounds.

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Study Notes

The Respiratory System

  • The respiratory system allows gases from the environment to enter the bronchial tree through inspiration (expanding the thoracic volume).
  • It permits gas exchange where oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses into the bronchial tree.
  • It permits gas elimination from the lungs through expiration (decreasing the thoracic volume).

General Anatomy

  • The respiratory system is a tube that divides into smaller branching tubes within the lungs.
  • The process begins with external nares (nostrils) leading to the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, laryngopharynx, larynx, trachea, primary bronchi, lungs (secondary bronchi), tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar sacs, and alveoli.
  • The trachea has a carina (fork) that branches to the right and left primary bronchus.
  • The right lung has three lobes (superior, middle, inferior) and the left has two (superior, inferior).
  • The anatomy includes lobar and segmental bronchi, and interlobular bronchioles which branch into the smallest units in the lungs, the lobules.
  • The bronchial tree is further subdivided into terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli.
  • Alveoli are microscopic air sacs where gas exchange occurs (similar surface area to a tennis court).
  • Support structures like cartilage rings are present in larger tubes (bronchi) to allow gases to pass freely.
  • Lungs are cone-shaped, located in the thoracic cavity. The space between the two lungs (pleural cavity) is filled with pleural fluid to prevent friction and collapsing.

Histology

  • The tissue lining along the respiratory tract changes from the trachea to the tertiary bronchi (ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium, smooth muscle, and cartilage rings).
  • Bronchioles are lined with cuboidal epithelium.
  • Alveolar ducts and alveoli are lined with simple squamous epithelium.

Larynx (Voice Box)

  • The larynx is surrounded by cartilages and serves as a passageway to move air in and out of the trachea.
  • The epiglottis cartilage covers the glottis (opening of the larynx) when swallowing. This prevents food from entering the airway.
  • The thyroid cartilage is connected to the cricoid cartilage.
  • The larynx contains elastic tissue allowing sound generation when air flows through.

Nose and Nasal Cavity

  • The nasal cavity (part of the nasal pharynx) contains hairs (external nares) that filter incoming air.
  • The lining is pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cilia and mucus-producing goblet cells that trap and remove foreign substances.
  • The nasal cavity also has warm air to prevent condensation.

Clinical Terms (Respiratory Diseases)

  • COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)
  • Emphysema
  • Chronic Bronchitis
  • Tuberculosis (TB)
  • Atelectasis
  • Lung Cancer (smoking is a major cause)
  • Dyspnea (difficulty breathing)
  • Pneumonia

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Related Documents

Chap 16 - The Respiratory System PDF

Description

This quiz covers the anatomy and functions of the respiratory system. You'll explore the structures involved in gas exchange and the process of respiration from inhalation to exhalation. Test your knowledge of the respiratory system's components and their roles in maintaining respiratory health.

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