Biology The Dynamics of Life: Chapter 8 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What is diffusion?

Movement of particles from high to low concentration (correct)

Movement of particles from low to high concentration

Random movement of particles in a liquid

None of the above

Define osmosis.

Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

What is an isotonic solution?

A solution where the concentration of dissolved substances is the same inside and outside a cell.

What is a hypotonic solution?

A solution with a lower concentration of dissolved substances than inside a cell. Signup and view all the answers

What happens in a hypertonic solution?

The concentration of dissolved substances outside the cell is higher, causing it to shrink. Signup and view all the answers

What is facilitated diffusion?

Passive transport of materials across a plasma membrane by transport proteins. Signup and view all the answers

Define active transport.

Energy-expending process that moves materials against a concentration gradient. Signup and view all the answers

What is passive transport?

Movement of particles across a membrane by diffusion or osmosis without using energy. Signup and view all the answers

What is endocytosis?

Active transport process where a cell engulfs materials with its plasma membrane. Signup and view all the answers

What is exocytosis?

Active transport process by which materials are secreted or expelled from a cell. Signup and view all the answers

Define chromosome.

Structures that carry genetic material passed from cell to cell. Signup and view all the answers

What is the cell cycle?

Continuous sequence of growth and division in a cell. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during mitosis?

Nuclear cell division forming two daughter cells with a complete set of chromosomes. Signup and view all the answers

Define chromatin.

Long strands of DNA that condense to form chromosomes. Signup and view all the answers

What is interphase?

Phase of cell growth and metabolism before division. Signup and view all the answers

Define prophase.

First and longest phase of mitosis where chromatin coils into visible chromosomes. Signup and view all the answers

What are sister chromatids?

Identical halves of a duplicated parent chromosome. Signup and view all the answers

What is a centriole?

Small cylindrical structures in animal cells that aid in cell division. Signup and view all the answers

What happens during metaphase?

Doubled chromosomes align at the spindle equator. Signup and view all the answers

Define telophase.

Final phase of mitosis preparing new cells for independent existence. Signup and view all the answers

What is tissue?

Groups of cells that work together for a specific function. Signup and view all the answers

What is an organ system?

Multiple organs working together to perform a life function. Signup and view all the answers

Define gene.

Segment of DNA that controls protein production and the cell cycle. Signup and view all the answers

What is a centromere?

Structure that joins two sister chromatids of a chromosome. Signup and view all the answers

Define spindle.

Structures composed of microtubule fibers formed during mitosis. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during anaphase?

Centromeres split and chromatids are pulled apart. Signup and view all the answers

Define cytokinesis.

Process following mitosis or meiosis where cytoplasm divides into new cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is cancer?

Uncontrolled cell division possibly caused by environmental factors. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Transport Processes

Diffusion: Movement of particles from high to low concentration, leading to even distribution.
Osmosis: Specific diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.
Isotonic Solution: Equal concentration of solutes inside and outside a cell.
Hypotonic Solution: Lower concentration of solutes outside the cell; can cause cell swelling.
Hypertonic Solution: Higher concentration of solutes outside the cell; can cause cell shrinkage.
Facilitated Diffusion: Passive transport of materials using transport proteins in the cell membrane.
Active Transport: Energy-requiring process that moves materials against a concentration gradient.
Passive Transport: Movement across a membrane without cellular energy, includes diffusion and osmosis.
Endocytosis: Process where a cell engulfs materials and brings them inside.
Exocytosis: Process of expelling materials from a cell.

Cell Structure and Division

Chromosome: Structures carrying genetic material passed from cell generation to generation.
Cell Cycle: Sequence of growth (interphase) and division (mitosis) in cells.
Mitosis: Nuclear division resulting in two daughter cells with complete genetic information.
Chromatin: Extended form of DNA in the nucleus, condenses to form chromosomes during division.
Interphase: Growth phase where the cell metabolizes and doubles chromosomes.
Prophase: First mitosis phase; chromatin coils into visible chromosomes.
Sister Chromatid: Identical halves of a duplicated chromosome, connected by a centromere.
Centriole: Cylindrical structure in animal cells that helps organize cell division.
Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the spindle equator for separation.
Telophase: Final mitosis phase where new cells prepare for independent existence.
Cytokinesis: Division of the cytoplasm, resulting in separate daughter cells.

Cellular Organization

Tissue: Group of cells collaborating for a specific function.
Organ System: Collection of organs working together for a life function.

Genetic Information

Gene: DNA segment that regulates protein production and cell cycle processes.
Centromere: Structure joining two sister chromatids of a chromosome.
Spindle: Microtubule structure that facilitates chromosome movement during division.

Mitosis Phases

Anaphase: Chromatids are pulled apart by microtubules after centromeres split.
Spindle Functions: Microtubule fibers form and shorten to separate sister chromatids during anaphase.

Cancer

Cancer: Result of uncontrolled cell division, potentially due to environmental influences or enzyme production changes.

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Test your understanding of key concepts from Chapter 8 of 'The Dynamics of Life' biology textbook. This quiz covers essential terms such as diffusion, osmosis, and isotonic solutions, which are crucial for understanding cellular processes. Enhance your knowledge through these flashcards and reinforce your learning.