Biology The Dynamics of Life: Chapter 8 Flashcards

Cell Transport Processes

• Diffusion: Movement of particles from high to low concentration, leading to even distribution.
• Osmosis: Specific diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.
• Isotonic Solution: Equal concentration of solutes inside and outside a cell.
• Hypotonic Solution: Lower concentration of solutes outside the cell; can cause cell swelling.
• Hypertonic Solution: Higher concentration of solutes outside the cell; can cause cell shrinkage.
• Facilitated Diffusion: Passive transport of materials using transport proteins in the cell membrane.
• Active Transport: Energy-requiring process that moves materials against a concentration gradient.
• Passive Transport: Movement across a membrane without cellular energy, includes diffusion and osmosis.
• Endocytosis: Process where a cell engulfs materials and brings them inside.
• Exocytosis: Process of expelling materials from a cell.

Cell Structure and Division

• Chromosome: Structures carrying genetic material passed from cell generation to generation.
• Cell Cycle: Sequence of growth (interphase) and division (mitosis) in cells.
• Mitosis: Nuclear division resulting in two daughter cells with complete genetic information.
• Chromatin: Extended form of DNA in the nucleus, condenses to form chromosomes during division.
• Interphase: Growth phase where the cell metabolizes and doubles chromosomes.
• Prophase: First mitosis phase; chromatin coils into visible chromosomes.
• Sister Chromatid: Identical halves of a duplicated chromosome, connected by a centromere.
• Centriole: Cylindrical structure in animal cells that helps organize cell division.
• Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the spindle equator for separation.
• Telophase: Final mitosis phase where new cells prepare for independent existence.
• Cytokinesis: Division of the cytoplasm, resulting in separate daughter cells.

Cellular Organization

• Tissue: Group of cells collaborating for a specific function.
• Organ System: Collection of organs working together for a life function.

Genetic Information

• Gene: DNA segment that regulates protein production and cell cycle processes.
• Centromere: Structure joining two sister chromatids of a chromosome.
• Spindle: Microtubule structure that facilitates chromosome movement during division.

Mitosis Phases

• Anaphase: Chromatids are pulled apart by microtubules after centromeres split.
• Spindle Functions: Microtubule fibers form and shorten to separate sister chromatids during anaphase.

Cancer

• Cancer: Result of uncontrolled cell division, potentially due to environmental influences or enzyme production changes.

Test your understanding of key concepts from Chapter 8 of 'The Dynamics of Life' biology textbook. This quiz covers essential terms such as diffusion, osmosis, and isotonic solutions, which are crucial for understanding cellular processes. Enhance your knowledge through these flashcards and reinforce your learning.