Biology Test 1 Study Guide

The independent variable is the changing factor of an experiment.

The dependent variable is the factor being measured that is predicted to be affected by the independent variable.

Controlled variables are those that remain unchanged or held constant to prevent their effects on the outcome.

<p>A control group is a set of subjects that do not receive the specific factor being tested.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The treatment group is the group that is experiencing the change where data is collected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Replication refers to repeating the experiment multiple times to gather sufficient data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It means there must be potential ways for the hypothesis to be measured and shown to be wrong.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Order, response to the environment, reproduction, regulation, growth and development, energy processing, evolution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reductionism focuses on analyzing individual components, while systems biology looks at how all components work together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atoms, molecules, macromolecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, biosphere.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An emergent property is a characteristic that arises at one level of biological organization that does not exist at any lower level.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Evaporative cooling is the process in which the surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation, helping to prevent terrestrial organisms from overheating.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stable hydrogen bonds that cause insulation of bodies of water by floating ice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A solvent is the dissolving agent, a solute is the substance dissolved, and a solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A molecule with an unequal sharing of electrons, leading to an uneven charge distribution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A molecule with equal sharing of electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A unit that is used to represent an exact number of objects, specifically $6.022 \times 10^{23}$ molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>12 grams.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>58.44 grams.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>18.013 grams.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The number of moles of solute per liter of solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>pH is a measure used to quantify the H+ ion concentration in an aqueous solution, and it's important because deviations from normal ion concentrations can be deadly for living systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>H2O turns into H+ + OH-.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acids raise the concentration of H+ ions in an aqueous solution, thus lowering pH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A buffer minimizes changes in H+ and OH- concentrations by accepting or donating hydrogen ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because as the concentration of H+ increases, the solution becomes more acidic, which is represented by a lower pH value.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases atmospheric CO2, which lowers pH when dissolved in water, harming marine life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anything that takes up space and has mass.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Macronutrients are needed in larger amounts, while trace elements are required in minute quantities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A compound is made of different elements, while a molecule can consist of the same or different elements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An individual atom is composed of smaller particles called subatomic particles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electrons are found in shells or orbitals surrounding the nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Energy levels correlate with distance from the nucleus: 2 for the first, 8 for the second, and 8 for the third.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The number of protons in an atom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<ol start="35"> <li></li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electrons in the outermost shell, dictating chemical behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrogen has 1, Oxygen has 6.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A measure of mass for atoms and subatomic particles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A mole is the SI unit for amount of substance and moles and Daltons can be converted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>12 grams.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A solution containing 1 mole of solute per liter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atomic forms of an element with the same number of protons but different neutrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The attraction of an atom for the electrons in a covalent bond.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Compounds formed by ionic bonds, also referred to as salts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An attraction between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Weak attractions that occur when atoms and molecules are very close together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reactants, which are the starting materials, and products, which are the end results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A reaction that can proceed in both directions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<ol> <li>Observe; 2. Ask a question; 3. Form a hypothesis; 4. Test the hypothesis; 5. Analyze results; 6. Evaluate hypothesis.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A carbohydrate includes sugars (monosaccharides) and polymers of sugars (polysaccharides, disaccharides).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>C6H12O6</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbonyl and hydroxyl</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A polymer of many monosaccharides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dehydration reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycosidic linkage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A simple sugar, monosaccharide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>6</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Storing energy in animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Starch</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stored glucose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A substance made of sugar present in plant cell walls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cellulose is fiber in humans and important for proper digestion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A group of large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A lipid consisting of 3 fatty acids linked to 1 glycerol molecule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An alcohol whose three carbons each bear a hydroxyl group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A long carbon skeleton ending with a carboxyl group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unsaturated fats have one or more double bonds; saturated fats do not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Molecules with 2 fatty acids attached to a glycerol.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A steroid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A biologically functional molecule made of one or more polypeptides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>NH2</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>20</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The bond formed between two amino acids by a dehydration reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unique sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Folding or coiling of the polypeptide into a repeating pattern.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Overall protein structure resulting from aggregation of polypeptide subunits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Yes, depending on their structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Covalent bonds called disulfide bridges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Molecules that store and transmit hereditary information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A polynucleotide made up of nucleotide monomers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A double-stranded helix that stores genetic information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>RNA consists of uracil and DNA consists of thymine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The building block of a nucleic acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A five-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and one to three phosphate groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sugar component of RNA nucleotides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sugar component of DNA nucleotides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Store and transmit hereditary or genetic information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adenosine triphosphate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nucleic acids and proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carboxyl and amino.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Organisms that fix carbon from atmospheric CO2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A compound with one or more carbon atoms covalently linked to other elements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An organic molecule consisting of only carbon and hydrogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrocarbons are nonpolar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Structural, cis-trans, and enantiomers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An ordered arrangement of water molecules that gives it a high surface tension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They hold water molecules together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cohesion and adhesion help to transport water through plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1 calorie per gram per degree Celsius.</p> Signup and view all the answers