Questions and Answers
What is the significance of the independent variable in an experiment?
The independent variable is the changing factor of an experiment.
What is the role of the dependent variable in an experiment?
The dependent variable is the factor being measured that is predicted to be affected by the independent variable.
What are controlled variables?
Controlled variables are those that remain unchanged or held constant to prevent their effects on the outcome.
What is the purpose of a control group in an experiment?
Signup and view all the answers
Define what a treatment group is.
Signup and view all the answers
What does replication mean in the context of an experiment?
Signup and view all the answers
What does it mean for a hypothesis to be 'falsifiable'?
Signup and view all the answers
List the characteristics of living things.
Signup and view all the answers
How are reductionism and systems of biology different?
Signup and view all the answers
Identify the different levels of biological organization.
Signup and view all the answers
What is an emergent property?
Signup and view all the answers
What is heat of vaporization?
Signup and view all the answers
What is evaporative cooling and what effect does it have on living organisms?
Signup and view all the answers
Does water have a high heat of vaporization?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the emergent properties of water in the solid phase?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the difference between solvent, solute, and solution?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a polar molecule?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a non-polar molecule?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a mole?
Signup and view all the answers
How many grams are in one mole of Carbon?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the molecular mass for one mole of NaCl?
Signup and view all the answers
How many grams are in one mole of H2O?
Signup and view all the answers
What is molarity?
Signup and view all the answers
What is pH and why do we care about it?
Signup and view all the answers
What causes the dissociation of water?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the relationship between acids and pH?
Signup and view all the answers
How does a buffer regulate pH in a living organism?
Signup and view all the answers
Why does a low pH correspond with a high hydrogen ion concentration?
Signup and view all the answers
What effect does the burning of fossil fuels have on rain and ocean pH?
Signup and view all the answers
What is matter?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an atom?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an element?
Signup and view all the answers
Which four elements represent approximately 94% of your mass?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the difference between macronutrients and trace elements?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a compound?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a molecule?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the difference between a compound and a molecule?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a subatomic particle?
Signup and view all the answers
Where are the electrons in the atom?
Signup and view all the answers
What are electron energy levels and how many electrons can they hold?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the atomic number of an element represent?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the mass number if Cl has 17 electrons, 17 protons, and 18 neutrons?
Signup and view all the answers
What are valence electrons?
Signup and view all the answers
How many valence electrons does hydrogen and oxygen have?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a Dalton?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a mole and its relation to a Dalton?
Signup and view all the answers
How many grams of carbon equal one mole of carbon?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a 1 molar (1M) solution?
Signup and view all the answers
What are isotopes?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a covalent bond?
Signup and view all the answers
What is electronegativity?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an ion?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the types of ionic compounds?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a hydrogen bond?
Signup and view all the answers
What are Van der Waals forces?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the components of a chemical reaction?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a reversible reaction?
Signup and view all the answers
What is science?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the steps of the scientific method?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the four main categories of macromolecules?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a carbohydrate?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the general formula of a carbohydrate?
Signup and view all the answers
What elements make up carbohydrates?
Signup and view all the answers
Which functional groups are present in carbohydrates?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a monosaccharide?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a disaccharide?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a polysaccharide?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of chemical reactions produce polysaccharides?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the name of the bond formed between two monosaccharides?
Signup and view all the answers
What is glucose?
Signup and view all the answers
How many carbon atoms are in a molecule of glucose?
Signup and view all the answers
What is glucose used for in the cell?
Signup and view all the answers
In which form are carbohydrates stored in animal cells?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the main carbohydrates used to store energy in a plant?
Signup and view all the answers
What is starch?
Signup and view all the answers
What is cellulose?
Signup and view all the answers
Why is cellulose important to us?
Signup and view all the answers
What are lipids?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a fat?
Signup and view all the answers
What is glycerol?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a fatty acid?
Signup and view all the answers
Are fatty acids soluble in water?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the difference between an unsaturated fatty acid and a saturated fatty acid?
Signup and view all the answers
What are phospholipids?
Signup and view all the answers
Are phospholipids soluble in water?
Signup and view all the answers
What kind of lipid is cholesterol?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a protein?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the name of the monomer units that compose a protein?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the general formula of an amino acid?
Signup and view all the answers
How many different amino acids are commonly present in proteins?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a peptide bond?
Signup and view all the answers
How many levels of structure are present in a protein?
Signup and view all the answers
What is primary structure in proteins?
Signup and view all the answers
What is secondary structure in proteins?
Signup and view all the answers
What is tertiary structure in proteins?
Signup and view all the answers
What is quaternary structure in proteins?
Signup and view all the answers
Are proteins soluble in water?
Signup and view all the answers
What types of chemical bonds are responsible for maintaining protein structure?
Signup and view all the answers
What types of proteins catalyze chemical reactions?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a nucleic acid?
Signup and view all the answers
What is RNA?
Signup and view all the answers
What is DNA?
Signup and view all the answers
How are RNA and DNA different?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a nucleotide?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the three general components of a nucleotide?
Signup and view all the answers
What is ribose?
Signup and view all the answers
What is deoxyribose?
Signup and view all the answers
Are DNA and RNA considered acids?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of nucleic acids?
Signup and view all the answers
What kind of organic compound is ATP?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following always contain nitrogen: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, or nucleic acids?
Signup and view all the answers
Which functional groups are found in all proteins?
Signup and view all the answers
What are primary producers?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an organic compound?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a pure hydrocarbon?
Signup and view all the answers
How many single covalent bonds can a carbon atom form?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a hydrocarbon, are they polar or nonpolar?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the different types of isomers?
Signup and view all the answers
What is surface tension in water?
Signup and view all the answers
What are polar covalent bonds and hydrogen bonding in water?
Signup and view all the answers
Describe how plants move water against gravity.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the specific heat of water?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Macromolecules
- Four main categories: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Carbohydrates
- Simple sugars are called monosaccharides; examples include glucose.
- General formula: Cn(H2O)n.
- Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; functional groups include carbonyl and hydroxyl.
- Polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides formed through dehydration reactions, linked by glycosidic bonds.
Monosaccharides and Disaccharides
- Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates.
- Disaccharides consist of two monosaccharides linked by glycosidic linkages.
Polysaccharides
- Types include storage (starch) and structural (cellulose).
- Formed through glycosidic linkages via dehydration reactions.
Glucose
- A monosaccharide with 6 carbon atoms.
- Primary energy storage molecule in animals.
Storage of Carbohydrates
- Stored as glycogen in animals, primarily in the liver and muscles.
- Plants store energy as starch.
Starch Composition
- Contains two forms: amylose (unbranched) and amylopectin (branched).
- Hydrolysis of starch yields glucose.
Cellulose
- A structural polysaccharide found in plant cell walls, composed of glucose monomers.
- Important for human digestion as fiber.
Lipids
- Large biological molecules that are hydrophobic, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids.
Fats
- Composed of glycerol and fatty acids.
- Types: monoglycerides (1 fatty acid), diglycerides (2 fatty acids), triglycerides (3 fatty acids).
Fatty Acids
- Have long carbon skeletons; classified as saturated (no double bonds) or unsaturated (one or more double bonds).
Phospholipids
- Composed of glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group.
- Essential for cell membranes; form bilayers in aqueous environments.
Cholesterol
- A type of steroid important for cell membrane structure.
- Precursor to steroid hormones.
Proteins
- Composed of polypeptides, crucial for nearly all cellular functions.
- Functions include catalysis (enzymes), transport, communication, and structural support.
Amino Acids
- 20 standard amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.
- Linked by peptide bonds formed through dehydration reactions.
Protein Structure
- Four levels: primary (amino acid sequence), secondary (folding patterns), tertiary (3D structure), and quaternary (multiple polypeptide chains).
Nucleic Acids
- DNA and RNA store and transmit genetic information.
- DNA is double-stranded, while RNA is usually single-stranded.
Nucleotides
- Building blocks of nucleic acids, composed of a five-carbon sugar, nitrogenous base, and phosphate group.
ATP
- Adenosine triphosphate, vital for energy transfer within cells.
Organic Compounds
- Compounds with carbon, including hydrocarbons, which consist of only carbon and hydrogen.
Isomers
- Structural isomers differ in atom arrangement; cis-trans isomers have varied spatial arrangements; enantiomers are mirror images.
Water Properties
- Cohesion and adhesion contribute to water movement in plants.
- High specific heat stabilizes temperatures in environments.
Heat of Vaporization
- High heat required for water to evaporate, impacting climate and cooling mechanisms in organisms.
Solid Phase of Water
- Ice is less dense than water, providing insulation for aquatic life.
Solutions
- Solvent: dissolving agent; solute: substance being dissolved; solution: homogeneous mixture of solute and solvent.
Polar vs Non-Polar Molecules
- Polar molecules have uneven electron sharing and uneven charge; nonpolar molecules share electrons equally.
- Hydrophilic substances are water-attracted, while hydrophobic substances repel water.### Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Substances
- Hydrophilic substances are attracted to water and possess polar characteristics.
- Hydrophobic substances repel water and are characterized as non-polar.
Mole Concept
- A mole is a unit representing a fixed number of objects, specifically atoms or molecules.
- One mole of any substance contains an identical number of molecules as one mole of any other substance.
Molar Mass
- Carbon has an atomic mass of 12 grams per mole.
- Sodium chloride (NaCl) has a molecular mass of 58.44 grams (22.989 + 35.453).
- Water (H2O) has a molar mass of 18.013 grams (15.999 + 2 × 1.007).
Molarity and pH
- Molarity measures the number of moles of solute per liter of solution, critical for aqueous solutions.
- pH quantifies hydrogen ion concentration; it is essential in biology because deviations can be harmful.
Water Disassociation
- Water dissociates into hydrogen (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-).
- In pure water, the concentrations of H+ and OH- are both 1 × 10^-7 M.
Acids, Bases, and pH Relationship
- Acids increase H+ ion concentration, while bases increase OH- concentration.
- H+ and OH- exhibit an inverse relationship; as one increases, the other decreases.
Buffer Systems
- Buffers stabilize pH by donating or accepting H+ ions as needed.
- The carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system helps maintain blood pH.
pH and Hydrogen Ion Concentration
- A low pH indicates high hydrogen ion concentration; as H+ rises, pH decreases.
- The relationship is described by the equation: pH = −log [H+].
Environmental Impact of Fossil Fuels
- Burning fossil fuels increases CO2 levels, leading to climate change and ocean pH reduction.
- Ocean acidification harms marine life as carbonic acid forms from dissolved CO2.
Matter, Atoms, and Elements
- Matter is anything occupying space and having mass; light and energy are not matter.
- Atoms are the smallest units of matter retaining element properties.
- Elements cannot be chemically broken down and are the building blocks of matter.
Macronutrients versus Trace Elements
- Macronutrients are needed in large amounts, whereas trace elements are required in minute quantities.
Compounds and Molecules
- A compound consists of two or more different elements in fixed ratios, such as NaCl.
- Molecules are formed when two or more atoms bond covalently.
Subatomic Particles
- Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
- Protons are positively charged, electrons negatively charged, and neutrons are neutral.
- Protons and neutrons have a mass of approximately 1 Dalton; electrons have negligible mass.
Atomic Structure
- Electrons are located in shells around the nucleus.
- Energy levels can hold specific numbers of electrons: 2 in the first, 8 in the second, and 8 in the third.
Atomic Number and Mass
- The atomic number indicates the number of protons.
- Atomic mass is the total number of protons and neutrons; to find neutrons, subtract the atomic number from the atomic mass.
Valence Electrons
- Valence electrons, found in the outermost shell, dictate chemical behavior and reactions.
Isotopes
- Isotopes are atoms with the same proton number but different neutron numbers.
- Stable isotopes do not decay, while radioactive isotopes decay and can be used in medical diagnostics and dating fossils.
Chemical Bonds
- Covalent bonds involve sharing electrons; polar bonds feature unequal sharing due to differing electronegativities.
- Ionic bonds occur between oppositely charged ions.
Hydrogen Bonds and Van der Waals Forces
- Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between hydrogen and electronegative atoms.
- Van der Waals forces occur when atoms are close together and can be strong in larger numbers.
Chemical Reactions
- Reactions include reactants (starting materials) and products (resulting substances).
- Reversible reactions can proceed in both directions.
Scientific Method
- Involves observation, questioning, hypothesizing, testing, analyzing, and evaluating hypotheses.
- Independent variables are manipulated, while dependent variables are measured.
Falsifiability of Hypotheses
- A hypothesis must be testable and able to be proven false.
Characteristics of Living Things
- Living entities exhibit order, environmental response, reproduction, regulatory adaptation, growth, energy processing, and evolution.
Reductionism vs. Systems Biology
- Reductionism focuses on individual components, while systems biology looks at interactions and functions as a whole.
Biological Organization
- Ranges from subatomic particles to organisms, ending with the biosphere.
- Emergent properties arise at higher levels of organization, such as life at the cellular level.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Prepare for your Biology test with this study guide focusing on key concepts such as macromolecules and carbohydrates. Review the definitions and characteristics of carbohydrates and understand their role in biological systems. Use these flashcards to enhance your study sessions and ensure you're ready for exam day.