Biology Macromolecules and Carbohydrates Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What are the four main types of monomers?

Cholesterol, starch, glucose, fatty acids

Glucose, lactose, triglycerides, nucleic acids

Proteins, lipids, enzymes, nucleotides

Sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, nucleotides (correct)

Which of the following correctly defines polysaccharides?

Large carbohydrates formed by linking monosaccharides (correct)

Simple sugars linked by peptide bonds

Large molecules made up of bonded amino acids

Fatty acid chains bound to glycerol

Which macromolecule primarily provides energy storage in animals?

Glucose

Starch

Cellulose

Glycogen (correct)

What is the main function of cholesterol in the body?

Building cell membranes Signup and view all the answers

Which process describes the joining of two molecules following the removal of water?

Dehydration synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What are the elements that compose carbohydrates?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a polymer of carbohydrates?

Glucose Signup and view all the answers

What are the three monomers that make up lipids?

Glycerol and three fatty acids Signup and view all the answers

What are the building blocks of proteins called?

Amino Acids Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bond links amino acids to form polypeptides?

Peptide Bonds Signup and view all the answers

How are enzymes primarily characterized?

As catalysts in chemical reactions Signup and view all the answers

What happens to an enzyme when it becomes denatured?

Its structure is altered, impairing function. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of RNA in cells?

To facilitate protein synthesis. Signup and view all the answers

What structure is DNA characterized by?

Double helix with paired bases Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis in all cells?

Ribosomes Signup and view all the answers

Who was NOT one of the contributors to the Cell Theory?

Charles Darwin Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of lysosomes in a cell?

To break down waste materials Signup and view all the answers

What describes the lock and key hypothesis of enzyme action?

Enzymes and substrates fit precisely together. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Macromolecules

Four major macromolecules: Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.
Organic molecules are typically composed of carbon atoms bonded to other atoms like hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
Monomers are small molecules that combine to form polymers.
Four main types of monomers: Sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, and nucleotides.
Polymers are large molecules formed from bonded monomers.
Dehydration synthesis joins molecules by removing water.
Hydrolysis breaks down molecules by adding water.

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are organic compounds like sugars and starches.
Elements: Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO).
Function: Energy storage.
Monomers: Monosaccharides (e.g., glucose, fructose).
Polymers: Starch (plant energy storage), glycogen (animal energy storage), cellulose (plant structural support), chitin (structural support in exoskeletons and fungi).
Functions of carbohydrate polymers: Starch stores energy in plants; glycogen stores glucose in animals; cellulose provides structural support in plants; chitin provides structural support in arthropod exoskeletons and fungal cell walls.

Lipids

Lipids include fatty, waxy, and oily compounds.
Insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents.
Elements: Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO).
Monomers: Glycerol and three fatty acids.
Triglycerides: Glycerol bonded to three fatty acids; store unused calories and provide energy.
Phospholipids: Glycerol, fatty acid chain, and phosphate group; form cell membranes.
Cholesterol: Four carbon rings, short tail, hydroxyl group; builds cell membranes, produces hormones, bile acids, and vitamin D.

Proteins

Monomers: Amino acids.
Amino acids: Organic molecules that build proteins.
Polypeptides: Long chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds; form the basis of proteins.
Protein functions: Structural support, regulating gene expression, transporting molecules (e.g., oxygen), and defending against disease (e.g., antibodies).
Protein structure: Long chains of amino acids folded into specific three-dimensional shapes.
Enzymes: Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions without being changed.
Denatured enzyme: Enzyme with altered structure due to heat or chemicals; loses function.
Enzyme-substrate complex: Substrate binds to the enzyme's active site, facilitating a reaction.
Lock-and-key model vs. induced-fit model: Lock-and-key suggests a precise fit, while induced-fit proposes the enzyme changes shape.

Nucleic Acids

Monomers: Nitrogen-containing base, sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and a phosphate group.
DNA: Carrier of genetic information (double helix); sugar-phosphate backbone, nitrogenous base pairs (A-T, G-C).
RNA: Carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes (single-stranded); ribose sugar, nitrogenous bases (A-U, G-C).

Cell Theory

Three principles: All living things are made of one or more cells; the cell is the basic unit of structure and function; all cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Contributors: Robert Hooke, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Rudolf Virchow.
Found in all cells: Ribosomes (protein synthesis).
Unique to cells: Bacterial plasmids, animal lysosomes, plant chloroplasts and central vacuoles.

Organelle Functions (brief)

Ribosomes: Protein synthesis.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Protein and lipid synthesis, transport.
Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins.
Nucleus: Contains DNA (control center).
Lysosomes: Breakdown waste materials.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the four major macromolecules: proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. This quiz focuses on their structures, functions, and monomers, specifically carbohydrates and their role in energy storage in living organisms. Challenge yourself to understand the processes of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis.