Biology Test 1 and 2
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Questions and Answers

What is biology?

The study of life

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of life?

  • Reproduce and pass on genetic traits through DNA
  • Made of cells
  • Respond to internal environment (correct)
  • Respond to external environment

    • What is the smallest unit that can perform all of life's processes?

    A cell

    Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a group of cells that have similar structure and function together as a unit?

    <p>Tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a collection of tissues that structurally form a functional unit specialized to perform a particular function?

    <p>Organ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a group of organs that work together to perform a specific function in an organism?

    <p>Organ system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a stimulus (pl. stimuli)?

    <p>A thing or event evokes a specific functional reaction in an organ or tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which living things maintain a stable internal environment in response to external changes?

    <p>Homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is metabolism?

    <p>All chemical reactions that take in and transform energy/materials from the environment to perform life functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a major aspect of metabolism?

    <p>Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs?

    <p>Autotrophs produce their own food, while heterotrophs have to consume it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cell respiration?

    <p>The process by which cells convert chemical energy from nutrients into usable energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aerobic respiration requires oxygen.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between growth and development?

    <p>Growth is the increase in size of organisms and cells, while development is the process of becoming a mature adult.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cell differentiation?

    <p>When a cell transforms from less specialized state into a more specialized cell type.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cancer cells are 'good' cells that help repair and grow tissues in the body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is reproduction?

    <p>The process of producing offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is DNA?

    <p>A molecule that stores genetic information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Asexual reproduction involves two parents.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is genetic variation?

    <p>Variations of DNA within a population, due to mutations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is natural selection?

    <p>Organisms with traits that favour reproduction pass on their genes better than those without such traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an adaptation?

    <p>Traits that improve an individual's chance of survival and reproduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between stimulus and adaptation?

    <p>Stimulus is a thing or event that evokes a specific functional reaction in an organ or tissue, while adaptation is a change in the species over time to better suit is environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is classification?

    <p>The arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do we do classification?

    <p>To understand the relationships and diversity of life on Earth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a species?

    <p>A population of creatures that can breed together and produce fertile offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is binomial nomenclature?

    <p>The system of nomenclature in which two terms are used to denote a species of living organism, the first one indicating the genus and the second the specific epithet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The genus is more specific than the species.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between biology and biochemistry?

    <p>While biology is the study of life overall, biochemistry focuses on the chemical processes within living organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a cell wall?

    <p>It surrounds plasma membrane plants cells, gives cell strength and has openings that allow water and dissolved substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the plasma membrane?

    <p>It is the outer layer of a cell, a thin, flexible barrier that controls the passage of substances into and out of the cell. It allows certain materials to pass through while keeping others out.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cytoplasm?

    <p>It is fluid contained within the cell membrane and provides a medium for organelles to operate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

    <p>It is a network within the cell that supports it, acts as pathways, and helps with the movement of organelles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of microtubules?

    <p>They form long, hollow tubes and help with cell movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of microfilaments?

    <p>They are solid rods that help give shape to the cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of intermediate filaments?

    <p>They are filamentous proteins made of coiled rods and help provide structural support to the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of centrioles?

    <p>They are involved in cell division by helping organize microtubule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of cilia?

    <p>They are short hair-like structures that help the cell move.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of flagella?

    <p>They are longer and whip-like structures that help the cell move.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of chromosomes?

    <p>They carry genetic information in the form of DNA, which is essential for inheritance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of chromatin?

    <p>It is unwound thread of DNA found in the nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the nucleus?

    <p>It contains the cell's genetic material and controls most cellular processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the the nuclear envelope?

    <p>It is a double membrane surrounding the nucleus, and it contains pores that control the movement of molecules through the nuclear membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the nuclear pores?

    <p>They allow materials to move in and out of the nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the ribosomes?

    <p>They are the sites of protein synthesis. They can either be free or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?

    <p>It is a network of membranes that serves as a transportation system within the cell. It can be smooth or rough.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

    <p>It lacks ribosomes, and it works to synthesize lipids (fats) and detoxify the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

    <p>It processes, packages and releases proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the rest of the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the vacuole?

    <p>They store water and other substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the mitochondria?

    <p>It is the powerhouse of a cell, responsible for making ATP, providing the energy currency for cellular activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the plastid?

    <p>They contain their own DNA and are involved in photosynthesis or storage of pigments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the chloroplasts?

    <p>They use energy from sunlight to make food molecules through photosynthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four most common elements found in living organisms?

    <p>Sulfur, phosphorus, carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Biology - Test 1 and 2

    • Biology is the study of life.
    • Living things share seven characteristics: maintain stable internal conditions (homeostasis), evolve over generations, made of cells, use energy (metabolize), respond to their environment, reproduce, and grow and change.
    • Cells are the smallest unit of life.
    • Two categories of cells are prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
    • Prokaryotes lack a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; examples include single-celled organisms.
    • Eukaryotes have a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; these are the cells in multicellular organisms.
    • Multicellular organisms are made up of many cells.
    • Levels of organization in multicellular organisms: cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism.
    • Organisms respond to stimuli, specific functional reactions. Phototropism is an example of growth in response to light.
    • Homeostasis is the process by which living things maintain a stable internal environment.
    • Metabolism includes all chemical reactions that take in and transform energy materials.
    • Aspects of metabolism include nutrition, transport of substances, use of nutrients, and excretion of waste products.
    • Two types of nutrition are autotrophs producing their own food and heterotrophs consuming foods.
    • Cell respiration converts chemical energy from nutrients (like glucose) into usable energy, either aerobically (using oxygen) or anaerobically (without oxygen).
    • Growth is an increase in size, and development is the process of becoming a mature adult.
    • Cell differentiation is when a cell transforms from a less specialized state to a more specialized one.
    • Reproduction is the process of creating offspring, either asexually (single parent, producing identical offspring) or sexually (two parents, with genetic mix).
    • Evolution is a process of inherited characteristics in a population changing over generations.
    • Genetic variation, natural selection, and adaptations are crucial factors in evolution.

    Biology - Test 3

    • Classification is the arrangement of organisms into groups based on similarities.
    • Classification is important for organizing the vast diversity of life.
    • Organisms are classified based on shared characteristics, starting with broadest categories (domains) and moving to progressively more specific ones (species).
    • A system involving the scientific naming of species, using a two-part name for each.
    • Lamarck's theory of evolution proposed that organisms could acquire traits during their lifetime and pass them to their offspring.
    • Darwin and Wallace independently developed a theory of evolution based on descent with modification (creatures are born with traits that are passed down).
    • The scientific method is a systematic approach for gaining knowledge. Observation, question, hypothesis, prediction (experiment). Data analysis, conclusion and communicating results.
    • Spontaneous generation, the idea that living things can arise from nonliving matter, was refuted by experiments, such as Redi's.
    • Redi's experiments demonstrated that maggots do not spontaneously arise from decaying meat.

    Biology - Test 4 (Cell Structure)

    • Organelles are specialized structures in cells that perform specific functions.
    • Plasma membrane surrounds the cell, controls what enters/exits, and is made of a phospholipid bilayer.
    • Cell walls provide support and protection in plant cells, some fungi, and bacteria.
    • The cytoplasm is the fluid-like material within the cell membrane, cytosol contains dissolved substances and organelles, while the cytoskeleton provides support and paths within the cell.
    • Different components of the cytoskeleton function include microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments.
    • Centrioles are cylinder-shaped structures found in animal cells that aid cell division, while cilia and flagella are hair-like structures for movement
    • Other critical cell structures include the nucleus, which contains genetic material; ribosomes, which make proteins; endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth), which produces and transports materials; Golgi apparatus, which modifies and packages proteins for transport.
    • Lysosomes function in waste disposal.
    • Vacuoles store substances.
    • Mitochondria are the powerhouses of cells, producing energy.
    • Plastids like chloroplasts perform photosynthesis.

    Biology - Test 4 (Chemistry-New Material)

    • Chemistry is the study of matter.
    • Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.
    • Atoms are the basic units of matter.
    • Protons have a positive charge, neutrons have no charge, and electrons have a negative charge.
    • Elements are substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances.
    • Compounds are formed when two or more elements combine chemically.
    • Molecules are formed when two or more atoms bond together.
    • Polar molecules have uneven charge distributions, and nonpolar molecules have even charge distributions.

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