Biology Taxonomy Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which amino acid is mentioned as a part of the test results?

  • Glutamine
  • Phenylalanine (correct)
  • Methionine
  • Tyrosine
  • What is the purpose of computing a code number from the test results?

  • To evaluate the presence of glucose
  • To match with a computerized listing of microorganisms (correct)
  • To identify the pH level of the solution
  • To measure enzymatic activity
  • Which of the following sugars is NOT mentioned in the test results?

  • Arabinose
  • Lactose
  • Glucose
  • Maltose (correct)
  • Which test is associated with Citrobacter freundii according to the results?

    <p>Citrate test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary criterion for Whittaker’s five-kingdom classification system?

    <p>Phylogenetic hierarchy reflecting common ancestry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of results are indicated for Citrobacter freundii based on the provided content?

    <p>Atypical test results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following components is associated with gas production tests?

    <p>H2 S</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organisms is classified under the Protista kingdom?

    <p>Green algae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which domain includes organisms with complex cells containing a nucleus?

    <p>Eukarya</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these tests would likely be used to differentiate bacteria capable of utilizing citrate?

    <p>Citrate test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is NOT typically used in the classification of prokaryotes?

    <p>Nucleus presence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of urease in bacterial testing?

    <p>To assist in nitrogen metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following options includes a sugar alcohol that might be tested?

    <p>Sorbitol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a method microbiologists use for biochemical testing?

    <p>Selective and differential media</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bacteria are classified as methanogens?

    <p>Anaerobic fermenters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the results, which two components are directly related to the detection of hydrogen sulfide in testing?

    <p>Gas and H2 S</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of organisms does NOT belong to the kingdom Fungi?

    <p>Shrubs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is known for rapid identification of enteric bacteria?

    <p>EnteroPluri Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What element is found in the cell walls of fungi?

    <p>Chitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are prokaryotic species primarily defined?

    <p>By their sharing of similar characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key system did Carlos Linnaeus develop for classifying organisms?

    <p>Taxonomic hierarchy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct format for binomial nomenclature?

    <p>Escherichia coli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a two-kingdom classification system, which of the following groups was not recognized?

    <p>Eukarya</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the domain Archaea?

    <p>Unique membrane lipids and extreme habitats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about species is accurate?

    <p>Species are defined as a group of organisms that can breed among themselves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a strain from a culture in microbiology?

    <p>A strain is a genetically distinct variant of a culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Bergey’s Manual?

    <p>To provide a reference for bacterial classification and identification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do scientists commonly identify unknown bacteria?

    <p>By using serological tests and phage typing among various methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technique differentiates Western blotting from Southern blotting?

    <p>Western blotting utilizes antibodies, whereas Southern blotting uses DNA probes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of serology in microbiology?

    <p>To study immune responses and antibodies in serum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which serological test is specifically designed to detect the interaction between antigens and antibodies leading to clumping?

    <p>Slide agglutination test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In nucleic acid analysis, what does a high G + C ratio typically indicate?

    <p>The organism shares similar genetic characteristics with others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of PCR in microbial analysis?

    <p>To amplify DNA of organisms that cannot be cultured</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is used to identify specific antibodies in a patient's serum for diseases such as HIV and Lyme disease?

    <p>Western blotting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common application of DNA fingerprinting in microbial studies?

    <p>To identify genetic similarities and differences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in constructing a dichotomous key for identifying bacteria?

    <p>Create a table of morphological characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option describes the role of the G + C ratio in DNA base composition?

    <p>It helps to identify closely related organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of ELISA in microbial diagnostics?

    <p>To detect specific antibodies in a sample</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT typically part of nucleic acid analysis?

    <p>Slide agglutination test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Taxonomy and Classification

    • Taxonomy involves the classification and naming of organisms.
    • It includes systematics, which studies the evolutionary history (phylogeny) of organisms.
    • A taxon refers to a specific group of organisms, while phylogeny is the evolutionary lineage leading to that group.

    Historical Contributions

    • Carl Linnaeus: Developed binomial nomenclature as a two-part naming system using Latin; first part is the genus, second part is the species epithet.
      • Examples: Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae.
    • Established a taxonomic hierarchy: species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom.
    • Robert Whittaker: Introduced a five-kingdom classification system, expanding upon Linnaeus's two kingdoms to include Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
    • Carl Woese: Proposed the three-domain system (Eukarya, Bacteria, Archaea) based on rRNA sequences.

    Two-Kingdom vs. Three-Domain Systems

    • Two-kingdom system: Plantae and Animalia; limited in addressing diversity.
    • Three-domain system recognizes significant genetic differences among organisms, particularly prokaryotes.

    Key Characteristics of Domains

    • Bacteria: Prokaryotic, diverse metabolic pathways.
    • Archaea: Extremophiles like methanogens, halophiles, and hyperthermophiles, distinct from bacteria.
    • Eukarya: Contains all eukaryotic organisms, including plants, animals, fungi, and protists.

    Scientific Naming and Major Taxa

    • Scientific names provide precise identification, minimizing ambiguity.
    • Major taxa include species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, and kingdom.

    Cultures, Clones, and Strains

    • Culture: Growth of microorganisms in a controlled environment.
    • Clone: Descendants derived from a single parent cell.
    • Strain: Genetic variant within a species, often with specific characteristics.

    Characteristics of Multicellular Eukarya

    • Eukarya are differentiated based on cell structure, reproductive strategies, and modes of nutrition (e.g., plants are autotrophic; animals and fungi are heterotrophic).

    Definition of Protists

    • Protists are a diverse group of mostly unicellular organisms that can be autotrophic or heterotrophic.

    Distinction of Species

    • Prokaryotic species consist of cells with similar characteristics, while eukaryotic species have organisms that interbreed to produce viable offspring.

    Bergy’s Manual and Identification Methods

    • Bergey’s Manual: A comprehensive resource aiding in prokaryotic identification.
    • Identification techniques include morphology, biochemical tests, serological analysis, and nucleic acid testing.

    Identification Techniques

    • Biochemical Tests: Assess enzymatic activities to identify metabolic capabilities (e.g., fermentation).
    • Serological Tests: Evaluate antigen-antibody reactions to identify bacteria.
      • ELISA and Western blotting are common methods.
    • Nucleic Acid Analysis:
      • DNA base composition compares guanine-cytosine ratios.
      • DNA fingerprinting analyzes restriction enzyme digest patterns.
      • PCR amplifies unknown microbial DNA.

    Dichotomous Keys

    • Dichotomous keys guide users through a systematic process to identify organisms based on specific characteristics.
    • Useful for differentiating between species using a step-by-step flowchart approach.

    Practical Application

    • Constructing dichotomous keys and utilizing rapid identification tests like the EnteroPluri Test for bacteria demonstrate applied taxonomy in microbiological studies.

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    Related Documents

    Chapter 8 Classification PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the science of taxonomy, including key definitions and historical contributions to the classification of organisms. Explore the advantages and limitations of different classification systems and understand the characteristics of the major domains of life.

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