Podcast
Questions and Answers
What does taxonomy primarily study?
What does taxonomy primarily study?
- The metabolic processes of archaea
- The classification of organisms into categories (correct)
- The evolutionary history of organisms
- The structure of ribosomal RNA
Which kingdoms did Carl Linnaeus initially propose?
Which kingdoms did Carl Linnaeus initially propose?
- Plants and Animals (correct)
- Fungi and Protista
- Eukarya and Prokaryotae
- Bacteria and Archaea
In what year did Robert H. Whittaker propose his five-kingdom system?
In what year did Robert H. Whittaker propose his five-kingdom system?
- 1969 (correct)
- 1978
- 1735
- 1937
Which domain includes all known pathogenic prokaryotes?
Which domain includes all known pathogenic prokaryotes?
Which of the following is NOT a distinguishing feature between the three domains?
Which of the following is NOT a distinguishing feature between the three domains?
What characteristic is unique to the Domain Archaea compared to other domains?
What characteristic is unique to the Domain Archaea compared to other domains?
What did Carl R. Woese propose in 1978 regarding the classification of organisms?
What did Carl R. Woese propose in 1978 regarding the classification of organisms?
Which of the following groups is NOT included in the Domain Eukarya?
Which of the following groups is NOT included in the Domain Eukarya?
What is the significance of horizontal gene transfer among cell lines?
What is the significance of horizontal gene transfer among cell lines?
What does a phylogenetic tree illustrate about organisms?
What does a phylogenetic tree illustrate about organisms?
In the binomial nomenclature system, how should the genus name be represented?
In the binomial nomenclature system, how should the genus name be represented?
How are prokaryotes classified according to Bergey’s Manual?
How are prokaryotes classified according to Bergey’s Manual?
What does the term 'prokaryotic species' refer to?
What does the term 'prokaryotic species' refer to?
Which level of the taxonomic hierarchy comes after the genus?
Which level of the taxonomic hierarchy comes after the genus?
What is the primary basis for dividing the domains Bacteria and Archaea?
What is the primary basis for dividing the domains Bacteria and Archaea?
What major characteristic distinguishes members of a bacterial species?
What major characteristic distinguishes members of a bacterial species?
What is the primary function of antibodies in an animal's immune system?
What is the primary function of antibodies in an animal's immune system?
What term is used for different strains with varying antigens within a microbial species?
What term is used for different strains with varying antigens within a microbial species?
Which of the following methods is NOT used in molecular profiling of microorganisms?
Which of the following methods is NOT used in molecular profiling of microorganisms?
What technique is used to identify phage susceptibility in bacteria?
What technique is used to identify phage susceptibility in bacteria?
What does a plaque in a phage typing test indicate?
What does a plaque in a phage typing test indicate?
Which of the following statements about dichotomous keys is true?
Which of the following statements about dichotomous keys is true?
What is the primary use of the technique known as ribotyping?
What is the primary use of the technique known as ribotyping?
What characteristic is key to bacteriophages in phage typing?
What characteristic is key to bacteriophages in phage typing?
What is the primary criterion used in Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology for classifying bacteria?
What is the primary criterion used in Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology for classifying bacteria?
Which of the following methods is NOT a conventional identification method in microbiology?
Which of the following methods is NOT a conventional identification method in microbiology?
What limitation is associated with biochemical testing for microbial identification?
What limitation is associated with biochemical testing for microbial identification?
How does a rapid identification system like the EnteroPluri test assign values to test results?
How does a rapid identification system like the EnteroPluri test assign values to test results?
Which of the following is part of the identification process of a bacterial isolate?
Which of the following is part of the identification process of a bacterial isolate?
What is a significant characteristic of transport media used in clinical microbiology?
What is a significant characteristic of transport media used in clinical microbiology?
Which factor is NOT considered when identifying microorganisms?
Which factor is NOT considered when identifying microorganisms?
In numerical identification schemes, what is commonly assigned to a positive biochemical test result?
In numerical identification schemes, what is commonly assigned to a positive biochemical test result?
What distinguishes a strain in microbiology?
What distinguishes a strain in microbiology?
What is Bergey’s Manual primarily used for?
What is Bergey’s Manual primarily used for?
Why are viruses not classified within the three domains of life?
Why are viruses not classified within the three domains of life?
Which statement accurately represents the nature of a viral species?
Which statement accurately represents the nature of a viral species?
Which hypothesis suggests that viruses arose from existing nucleic acids?
Which hypothesis suggests that viruses arose from existing nucleic acids?
What is a major implication of viral genes being incorporated into the host genome?
What is a major implication of viral genes being incorporated into the host genome?
Which of these is NOT characteristic of prokaryotes?
Which of these is NOT characteristic of prokaryotes?
What role do viruses play in ecosystems despite not being classified as living organisms?
What role do viruses play in ecosystems despite not being classified as living organisms?
Flashcards
Taxonomy
Taxonomy
The scientific study of classifying organisms into categories (taxa) to show their relationships.
Systematics (Phylogeny)
Systematics (Phylogeny)
The study of evolutionary history of organisms.
Hierarchy of taxa
Hierarchy of taxa
A hierarchical system used in taxonomy to categorize organisms based on their evolutionary relationships.
Prokaryote
Prokaryote
Signup and view all the flashcards
Eukaryote
Eukaryote
Signup and view all the flashcards
Three Domains of Life
Three Domains of Life
Signup and view all the flashcards
Archaea
Archaea
Signup and view all the flashcards
Bacteria
Bacteria
Signup and view all the flashcards
Binomial nomenclature
Binomial nomenclature
Signup and view all the flashcards
Phylogenetic tree
Phylogenetic tree
Signup and view all the flashcards
Horizontal gene transfer
Horizontal gene transfer
Signup and view all the flashcards
Phylogeny
Phylogeny
Signup and view all the flashcards
Taxonomic hierarchy
Taxonomic hierarchy
Signup and view all the flashcards
Eukarya
Eukarya
Signup and view all the flashcards
Bergey's Manual
Bergey's Manual
Signup and view all the flashcards
Prokaryotic species
Prokaryotic species
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pure culture
Pure culture
Signup and view all the flashcards
Strain
Strain
Signup and view all the flashcards
Provirus
Provirus
Signup and view all the flashcards
Viral species
Viral species
Signup and view all the flashcards
Viral origin from plasmids
Viral origin from plasmids
Signup and view all the flashcards
Viral origin from degenerative cells
Viral origin from degenerative cells
Signup and view all the flashcards
Viral origin through coevolution
Viral origin through coevolution
Signup and view all the flashcards
Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology
Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology
Signup and view all the flashcards
Conventional Identification
Conventional Identification
Signup and view all the flashcards
Serology
Serology
Signup and view all the flashcards
Biochemical Tests
Biochemical Tests
Signup and view all the flashcards
Numerical Identification
Numerical Identification
Signup and view all the flashcards
Transport Media
Transport Media
Signup and view all the flashcards
Swabbing
Swabbing
Signup and view all the flashcards
Serological Identification
Serological Identification
Signup and view all the flashcards
Antibodies
Antibodies
Signup and view all the flashcards
Serotypes, Serovars, Biovars
Serotypes, Serovars, Biovars
Signup and view all the flashcards
Phage Typing
Phage Typing
Signup and view all the flashcards
Flow Cytometry
Flow Cytometry
Signup and view all the flashcards
Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAATs)
Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAATs)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Dichotomous Keys
Dichotomous Keys
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ribotyping
Ribotyping
Signup and view all the flashcards
Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH)
Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Study Notes
Classification of Organisms
- Taxonomy is the study of classifying organisms into categories (taxa).
- Systematics (or phylogeny) studies the evolutionary history of organisms.
- A hierarchy of taxa reflects evolutionary/phylogenetic relationships.
- Historically, organisms were categorized as either plants or animals.
- In 1735, Carl Linnaeus introduced a formal system of classification with two kingdoms (Plantae and Animalia).
- The term "prokaryote" was introduced in 1937 to distinguish cells without a nucleus from nucleated cells.
- In 1968, Robert G. E. Murray proposed the Kingdom Prokaryotae.
- In 1969, Robert H. Whittaker established the five-kingdom system, placing prokaryotes in the Kingdom Prokaryotae (or Monera) and eukaryotes in the other four kingdoms.
- The Kingdom Prokaryotae was based on microscopic observations.
- In 1978, Carl Woese proposed the three domains (Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya).
The Three Domains
- Ribosomes are present in all cells.
- Comparing ribosomal RNA sequences reveals three distinct groups: eukaryotes, bacteria, and archaea.
- Domains differ in membrane lipid structure, tRNA molecules, and antibiotic sensitivity.
- Eukarya encompasses the kingdoms of animals, plants, and fungi.
- Bacteria include both pathogenic and non-pathogenic prokaryotes, as well as photoautotrophs in soil and water.
- Archaea comprises prokaryotes lacking peptidoglycan in their cell walls, often found in extreme environments.
The Three Domains (continued)
- Based on rRNA analysis, three separate lineages emerged 3.5 billion years ago: archaea, bacteria, and the precursors to the nucleoplasm of eukaryotes.
- Horizontal gene transfer occurs among these lineages.
- Analysis of complete genomes shows that genes are shared among all three domains.
- Gene transfer has been observed between eukaryotic hosts and their prokaryotic symbionts.
Scientific Nomenclature and the Taxonomic Hierarchy
- Every organism is assigned two names: genus and species (specific epithet).
- Genus names are capitalized, and species names are lowercase.
- Both are italicized or underlined.
- The system is called binomial nomenclature (e.g., Homo sapiens).
- Organisms group into subdivisions that comprise the taxonomic hierarchy.
Classification of Prokaryotes
- Bergey's Manual is a widely used reference for prokaryotic classification.
- Prokaryotes are divided into two domains: Bacteria and Archaea.
- Each domain is then subdivided into phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species.
- Classification based on similarities in rRNA nucleotide sequences.
- Prokaryotic species is defined as a population of cells with high genomic similarity.
- Identification based on morphology, differential staining, oxygen requirements, and biochemical testing.
- The majority of prokaryotes haven't been cultured.
- Methods to identify prokaryotes involve culturing, use of Bergey's Manual, and utilizing biochemical tests (e.g. the EnteroPluri test).
- Strains of bacteria are identified by numbers, letters, or names that follow the specific epithet.
Classification of Viruses
- Viruses are not part of the three domains.
- They are not composed of cells and require host cells to multiply.
- Viral classification is determined via multiple methods including morphology, genes, enzymes, and ecological niche.
- Some viruses, like bornaviruses and retroviruses, have integrated their genes into mammalian genomes for at least 40 million years.
- There are three hypotheses regarding the origin of viruses: independent replicating nucleic acid strands; degeneration of cells and loss of independent survival ability; or coevolution with host cells.
- Viruses are obligatory intracellular parasites.
Molecular Profiles
- Methods to study organisms at a molecular level for identification.
- Flow cytometry, whole genome sequencing, nucleic acid hybridization, nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs), Southern blotting, DNA chips, ribotyping, and fluorescent in situ hybridization are included.
Putting Classification Methods Together
- Dichotomous keys are used for organism identification via successive questions with two-part answers, directing to another question until the organism is identified, though typically without much phylogenetic relationship context.
- Cladograms illustrate evolutionary relationships using branching points (nodes) defined by features shared among their respective groups, often employing rRNA sequences as a primary method.
Seriology
- Serology studies serum and immune responses.
- Microorganisms trigger the production of antibodies, which bind specifically to the bacteria causing the response.
- Strains with distinct antigens (serotypes, serovars, or biovars) can be differentiated.
- Phage typing tests bacterial susceptibility to bacteriophages, revealing species or strain-specific susceptibility.
Methods of Identifying Microorganisms
- Bergey's Manual is a standard reference for identifying bacteria.
- Identification schemes are often based on criteria like cell wall composition, morphology, differential staining, oxygen needs, and biochemical testing.
- 99% of the existing microbial species remain uncultured.
- Often, swabs, inserted into transport media, are used for collecting samples from clinical sources.
- Transport media help prolong viability of sensitive, fastidious pathogens for easier and more accurate identification processing.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your knowledge on taxonomy and biological classification systems in this quiz. Explore the contributions of scientists like Carl Linnaeus and Robert H. Whittaker, and understand the distinctions between domains and kingdoms. Perfect for biology students looking to reinforce their understanding of organism classification.
