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Questions and Answers
During digestion, nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream. Which stage of digestion does this represent?
During digestion, nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream. Which stage of digestion does this represent?
- Assimilation
- Ingestion
- Digestion
- Absorption (correct)
Which of the following best describes peristalsis' primary function in the digestive system?
Which of the following best describes peristalsis' primary function in the digestive system?
- Absorption of water and electrolytes in the large intestine.
- Breaking down food particles into smaller pieces through chewing.
- The enzymatic breakdown of complex carbohydrates into simple sugars.
- Wave-like muscle contractions that propel food through the digestive tract. (correct)
In the context of digestion, what is the key difference between mechanical and chemical digestion?
In the context of digestion, what is the key difference between mechanical and chemical digestion?
- Mechanical digestion reduces food size; chemical digestion breaks down molecules. (correct)
- Mechanical digestion occurs only in the stomach; chemical digestion occurs in the mouth.
- Mechanical digestion involves enzymes; chemical digestion does not.
- Mechanical and chemical digestion both achieve the same result, just through different processes.
Which sequence correctly orders the primary organs of the alimentary canal, from the point of food entry to the point of waste exit?
Which sequence correctly orders the primary organs of the alimentary canal, from the point of food entry to the point of waste exit?
How does the pH level typically change as food moves from the stomach to the small intestine, and why is this change important?
How does the pH level typically change as food moves from the stomach to the small intestine, and why is this change important?
Catalysts and enzymes play a central role in reactions. What statement accurately describes the relationship between catalysts and enzymes?
Catalysts and enzymes play a central role in reactions. What statement accurately describes the relationship between catalysts and enzymes?
Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down starch into maltose during digestion?
Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down starch into maltose during digestion?
In an experiment studying amylase activity, different temperatures might affect reaction rates. If the experiment uses temperature as a variable, how would 'temperature' be classified?
In an experiment studying amylase activity, different temperatures might affect reaction rates. If the experiment uses temperature as a variable, how would 'temperature' be classified?
During an experiment examining the effect of temperature on amylase activity, a researcher observes that the enzyme's activity significantly decreases at temperatures above 45°C. What is the most likely explanation for this observation?
During an experiment examining the effect of temperature on amylase activity, a researcher observes that the enzyme's activity significantly decreases at temperatures above 45°C. What is the most likely explanation for this observation?
To ensure the accuracy and reliability of results in an amylase experiment, which practice is most important?
To ensure the accuracy and reliability of results in an amylase experiment, which practice is most important?
Flashcards
Ingestion
Ingestion
Taking in food through the mouth.
Digestion
Digestion
Breaking down food (mechanical & chemical).
Absorption
Absorption
Nutrients moving into the bloodstream.
Assimilation
Assimilation
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Egestion
Egestion
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Peristalsis
Peristalsis
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Mechanical Digestion
Mechanical Digestion
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Chemical Digestion
Chemical Digestion
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Catalyst
Catalyst
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Enzymes
Enzymes
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Study Notes
- Biology revision notes are based on assessment information.
Five Stages of Digestion
- Ingestion involves taking in food through the mouth.
- Digestion is the breakdown of food, both mechanically and chemically.
- Absorption involves nutrients moving into the bloodstream.
- Assimilation is when nutrients are used by body cells.
- Egestion is the removal of undigested waste (feces).
Peristalsis
- Peristalsis consists of wave-like muscle contractions
- It pushes food through the digestive system.
- It occurs in the oesophagus and intestines.
Mechanical vs. Chemical Digestion
- Mechanical digestion is the physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces, such as chewing.
- Chemical digestion uses enzymes to break down food molecules, such as amylase breaking starch into maltose.
Organs of the Alimentary Canal
- The alimentary canal pathway is Mouth → Oesophagus → Stomach → Small Intestine → Large Intestine → Rectum → Anus.
- Accessory organs include the Liver and Pancreas.
pH Levels in Digestion
- Mouth pH is approximately 7 (neutral, due to saliva).
- Stomach pH is approximately 2 (acidic, due to stomach acid).
- Small Intestine pH is approximately 7-8 (slightly alkaline, for enzyme function).
Catalysts
- A catalyst speeds up chemical reactions without being used up in the process.
- Enzymes are biological catalysts that aid in digestion.
Enzymes & Their Functions
- Amylase breaks down starch (carbohydrates) into maltose.
- Protease breaks down proteins into amino acids.
- Lipase breaks down fats (lipids) into fatty acids & glycerol.
Ordering Digestion Stages by Definition
- The correct order of digestion stages is: Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, Assimilation, and Egestion.
Naming Organs of the Alimentary Canal
- Organs of the alimentary canal in numerical order:
- 2: Mouth
- 5: Oesophagus
- 6: Liver
- 7: Stomach
- 8: Pancreas
- 9: Large Intestine
- 10: Small Intestine
- 11: Rectum
- 12: Anus
Amylase Activity
- Amylase works best at body temperature, around 37°C.
- At low temperatures, reactions slow down.
- At high temperatures above 40°C-45°C, the enzyme denatures and stops working.
Variables
- Independent variable: What is changed, such as temperature in °C.
- Dependent variable: What is measured, such as the time taken for starch to break down or color change.
- Control variables: What stays the same, such as the volume of starch & amylase, pH, and apparatus.
Ensuring Accuracy & Reliability
- Repeat the experiment at least three times.
- Use precise equipment like measuring cylinders and stopwatches.
- Ensure equal amounts of substances are used, like the same volume of amylase & starch.
- Control variables, such as pH and the use of a water bath.
Additional Tips
- Revise homework, as many questions are based on it.
- Understand enzyme functions and pH values.
- Know the order of digestion stages and alimentary canal organs.
- Review the amylase experiment, especially temperature effects and variables.
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